Children and Happiness Essay

What makes children happy? ‘That’s easy,’ you might say, ‘a new toy, an ice cream or a trip to the amusement park.’ While these things bring an immediate smile to many children’s faces, they are probably not the things that will keep them happy day by day, or turn them into happy adults. The basic ingredients that make children happy during childhood seem to be the same ones that help them to become happy adults: a secure relationship with parents gives the base to confidently explore the world and develop a sense of mastery and recognition, all important components in the recipe for happiness. However, in the short term, the new toy might provide a smile too! Man has to pass through many stages of life, since he is born until he dies. He passes through infancy, childhood, boyhood, youth, middle age and old age. Childhood continues from the 6th to the 12th year of age. Boyhood continues from the 12th to the 19th year of age. Youth lasts from the 20th to 35th year of age. Middle age lasts from the 36th to the 55th year of age. Old age continues from 56th year until death. Of all the stages of life childhood is the most important. Because it is the formative period of life. It is also the first conscious stage of life. Important of childhood: Childhood is the formative period of life. Human character takes its shape in childhood. Man gets deep and lasting impressions in his childhood. Because at this stage men’s mind is soft, receptive and plastic. It is just like the potter’s clay. So human character should be properly shaped in childhood. What should be done in childhood: Childhood is one of the growing stage in man’s life. The human beings grow up to 24th year of age. So, the health of the child should be properly looked after. He should be given balance diet. He should be encouraged to from healthy habits like early rising. He should be taught to be neat and clean, to do exercise regularly, to eat, sleep, read and play at habits. He should be kept happy and cheerful. All these will help him to grow healthy in body and mind. Proper and appropriate food should be provided to the child’s mind. He should be given the most carefully chosen books to read. he should be given children’s magazines. He should be given interesting and instructive pictures. At this stage, records should be kept of the child’s inclination, aptitude, knack, mood, temperament, interest, abilities and his latent qualities. On the basis of these records, the future of the child should be planned. The child should be trained on the basis of this plan. Care of parents and teachers: In the modern system of society and education in India, nobody takes the responsibility of the child’s welfare. The parents think that it is a responsibility of the teachers, because the child stays in the school for six hours a day. The teachers think that it is the responsibility of the parents, because the children belong to their parents, and in future the children will come to any use only to their parents and families. But in the interest of society, nation, country and above all mankind all have responsibility for the welfare of the children. Conclusion: It is the foremost duty of the Government to see to the welfare of the children. But in India we find that a lot of children in schools are dying by food-poisoning in the Government Mid-day meal system. The school buildings are defectively constructed. So the buildings breakdown and many children die underneath. the milk-powder that comes to Panchayats and Block offices is said to be put to black-marketing. Government should look to all these affairs. Childhood is the most important period in a men’s life. So, the Government should take utmost care of it.

Brand History Ysl

Brand History Founded by: Yves Saint Laurent and his partner Pierre Berge Chief Designer: 1. Yves Saint Laurent 1962-2002 The Day of Birth: August 1, 1936 The Day of death: June 1, 2008 Reputation: He is considered by many of the world's best- dressed people to be the inventor of modern fashion. Besides that, he is seen as the last of a generation of clothes designers that made the Rive Gauche (French for â€Å"Left Bank† of the Seine River in Paris) home to the most talented fashion designers in the world. These designers include Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, and Hubert de Givenchy — all people who helped make Paris the international capital of fashion. CAREER: 1. Saint Laurent got his big break when he was only 17 years old. The shy young designer began to work for fashion legend, Christian Dior. 2. By the time he was 21 years old, Saint Laurent was in charge of Dior's empire. He immediately started to develop a unique style that combined Dior's elegance and tradition with a more wearable, realistic style. . Saint Laurent struck out on his own in 1961, opening his own fashion house where he created haute couture for socialites and celebrities. MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. Saint Laurent's trendsetting clothes not only changed the look of high fashion but also the life of the average woman. 2. Aside from his haute couture clothing, he offered another clothing line for women available in department stores. The designs from this line often turned heads and changed the lives of the women wh o wore them. 3. In the 1960s and 1970s, when women were joining the workforce in millions for the first time, Saint Laurent designed more gender-neutral looks based on pants and jackets. No longer did women feel like they needed to wear only skirts and blouses. The change met with resistance, but women those who wearing Yves Saint Laurent’s pantsuits would simply take off their pants to dictate what they were allowed to wear on more than one occasion. 4. Another clothing item of his that became popular was a jacket called â€Å"le smoking,† which is a square-shouldered tuxedo for women. When the jacket first appeared in his 1966 fall-winter collection, it immediately became a groundbreaking landmark in fashion history because it blurred the lines between traditional male and female style. 5. Saint Laurent also changed fashion by using other types of pop culture in his clothes. For example, he created the Mondrian dress in 1965. These colorful dresses were patterned with the Dutch artist Piet Mondrian's abstract and geometric designs. 6. Saint Laurent also aided the women's liberation movement by challenging other socially accepted norms. . In 1971, Saint Laurent posed nude for his own perfume ads. This was shocking to many people. He did it to raise this question: Why is it more socially acceptable when a woman poses nude for an advertisement than when a man does? 8. He is credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women. 9. He became the first designer to use ethnic models in his runway shows, and referenced other non-European cultures in his work. 2. Albe r Elbaz 1998-1999 3. Tom Ford 1999-2004 4. Stefano Pilati 2004- Logo Designed by: A. M. Cassandre Brand Main History: During the 1960s and 1970s, the firm popularized fashion trends such as the beatnik look, safari jackets for men and women, tight pants and tall, thigh-high boots, including the creation of arguably the most famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking suit. Some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, '30s and '40s. He was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche a |name. He was also the first designer to use black models in his catwalk shows. Among St. Laurent's muses were Loulou de La Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish fashion model, Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat and wife of a French decorator, Talitha Pol-Getty, who died of drug overdose in 1971, and Catherine Deneuve, the iconic French actress. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 80s was London socialite millionairess Diane Boulting-Casserley Vandelli, making the brand ever more popular amongst the -European jet-set and upper classes. In 1993, the Saint-Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi for approximately $600,000,000. In the 1998-1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, currently of Lanvin, designed 3 ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Berge appointed Hedi Slimane as Collections and art Director in 1997, and they relaunched YSL Rive Gauche Homme. Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house 2 years later. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the ready-to-wear collection while Saint-Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of poor health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, criticisms of YSL designs, Saint-Laurent closed the illustrious couture house of YSL. While the house no longer exists, the brand still survives through its parent company Gucci Group. The pret-a-porter line is still being produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style is decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford perpetuated. Brand Communication For advertising his companions, the Yves Saint Laurent uses familiar faces from the general public. In the beginning, Scroll Elela great names in fashion as Katoucha Niane, Betty Catroux, Loulou de la Falaise, Talitha Pol-actress Getty or Catherine Deneuve. Then, Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer. The former supermodel Naomi Campbell is used for the campaign of the Autumn-Winter 09 collection. For the men's fragrance â€Å"Night of the Man† is Vincent Cassel who embodies the new face of the brand. The house YSL applies to make his shows an event for which the jetset people jostling to sit in the front ranks. The venues are just as prestigious as the models occupying the podium. The women's collection Autumn-Winter 07-08 and was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris on 1 March 2007, while the men's collection for the same season was held in the workshops Berthier. Campaign Spring-Summer 2008 women has, in turn, held on the premises of the Foundation Yves Saint Laurent-Pierre Berge. The Creative Director Stefano Pilati is then, photographers Ines Van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin and the model is none other than Kate Moss. The Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection create the event: it is first opened on the website of the brand, before being presented on the catwalk. Since 2007, Stefano Pilati created the event each year to the streets with his â€Å"Manifesto†: a photo catalog of luxury brand Distibution to passersby on the street. In 2008 he was with the image of supermodel Naomi Campbell, photographed by the duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin-distributed simultaneously in Paris, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Hong Kong. A cotton bag flanked YSL logo was also provided for the occasion. In 2009 he was with the image of Claudia Schiffer and accompanied by a bag with the initials of the brand, designed by Stefano Pilati himself, and a small USB key.

Learning Team Deliverable Essay

Measuring Domestic Output and National Income – Ch. 24 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) as it is the dollar value of goods and services in a country during a set period. Walter is comfortable with the GDP concept and understands that is the economic thermometer of the country’s current financial status. Topics Struggle Kris still has to wrap his head around nominal GDP and real GDP when it comes to the GDP Price Index. So calculating real GDP is dividing nominal GDP by the price index. What is the difference between real GDP and nominal GDP? Walter also struggles with the concept of nominal GDP, and how it interacts with inflation. If GDP goes up and inflation goes down†¦it seems to be my understanding of the formula for calculating the nominal GDP that is holding me back. Application of topic GDP is fluctuates with whatever final good or service is bought by a customer. Living through life affects the GDP. If the GDP declines for too long, economists normally label the economy as being in a recession. Business Cycles, Unemployment and Inflation – Ch. 26 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the different business cycles and measurement of unemployment. These items also affect the GDP. Walter is comfortable with the different symptoms of a recession, a period of decline lasting more than six months in total output. Of which high unemployment rates is another tell of a recession. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of inflation and how it affects money today compared to money values in the past. Walter is struggling with defining a recession’s severity. Two examples given were the Great Depression and the recent recession in the last few years, Is the intensity or length of time that the recession lasts that makes one more severe than the other? Application of topic The business cycle is very familiar in Kris’ organization as the company goes through yearly contractions and expansions based on the demand from consumers in the market. The business cycle is also something Walter is familiar with in the hotel industry. The hotel industry goes up and done depending the current state of the economy. The Aggregate Expenditure Model – Ch. 28 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concepts of equilibrium GDP and disequilibrium GDP. Equilibrium is the point where goods produced equals goods purchased. Disequilibrium is any situation where goods produced are greater than goods purchased and vice versa. Walter is comfortable with the concept of GDP equilibrium, The basic premise of this equilibrium being that supply meets demand. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in the chapter, as they were all straightforward and easy to understand. Walter struggled with the concept of disequilibrium and how often, or what circumstances causes this to happen. I assume it is the opposite of the equilibrium and that demand supply exceeds demand but do not feel comfortable enough with the concept to say for sure. Application of topic As such, Kris cannot think of a time where there was equilibrium GDP. In reality, consumer tastes vary and it would be difficult to reach equilibrium Walter thinks that when the economy is doing well the equilibrium can be met because consumers are finically settled to continue purchasing products and business continue to produce according to demand. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply – Ch. 29 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with aggregate demand in which it shows the real GDP that consumers desire to purchase at different price levels. Aggregate supply shows the relationship between the price level and the output of producers. Walter is comfortable with the concept of aggregate demand, and how consumer spending and government investments play into that calculation. As prices increases, consumer demand decreases and vice versa. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in this chapter. Walter struggled with understanding why aggregate supply is not affected by price levels. Application of topic Supply and demand is central to the market and economics in general. Consumer tastes always affect supply and demand. When the economy is bad and underemployment is high the demand for hig priced products decreases. Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt – Ch. 30 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with fiscal policy, deficits, and debt as it affects his organization. Market rates are affected by the fiscal policy of the government. More or less spending affects the company’s contraction or expansion. Walter is comfortable with the concept that the fiscal debt and deficit show the governments current financial state. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of automatic or built-in stabilizers. As the text states that a built-in stabilizer is something that increases the government’s budget, what kind of items constitute as a built-in stabilizer? Walter did not struggle with any of the general concepts in chapter 30. Application of topic The budget deficit affects all citizens as the government does not wisely use the tax payer’s funds properly. There is a lot of waste that keep the  government in debt. Walter notes that when the fiscal debt is higher so are taxes and fines. The misspending of the government is then the burden of the people.

Influence of Perception on Interpersonal Communication Essay

Influence of Perception on Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example As noted by Wood (2010), there is a need to distinguish facts from inferences for interpersonal communication to be considered competent. The author clearly defined facts as â€Å"an objective statement based on observation; (while) an inference involves an interpretation that goes beyond the facts† (p. 85). In this regard, the essay aims to present instances when languages are used to accurately signify facts as contrasted to inferences. Through observing conversations with people one normally interacts with, the discourse would find and discuss instances when tentative language would be more accurate; and when there is a need to distinguish between fact and inferences, and to address them, as required. Using Tentative Language In addressing the requirements of becoming more sensitive to the difference between facts and inferences, one observed interpersonal communication that occurred within one’s family members and noted the following: In one instance, I asked my hus band to load the washer and empty the dryer. I specifically said: â€Å"Honey, I am still finishing up preparing for lunch. Would you please see that the washer is loaded and find out if the drying is likewise empty?† I proceeded preparing our meal and by the time I remembered what I asked my husband to do, I found out that nothing was done. I could have easily inferred based on one’s initial perception that â€Å"My God! Honey, you are such as irresponsible person. The tasks I requested you to do is so simple; yet, you did not comply! You are so insensitive and selfish!† By using tentative words, one could initially reflect that â€Å"my husband may be irresponsible or may be insensitive or selfish† so as not to treat the inference as a fact. However, by analyzing the situation, the fact is that the washer was not loaded and the dryer was not emptied. Now, one would like to know the reasons why these tasks were not complied as requested. Therefore, I ask ed my husband: â€Å"Honey, I told you earlier to please see that the washer is loaded and find out if the drying is likewise empty. How come you did not comply?† My husband replied: â€Å"Oh, I am so sorry dear. I did not hear what you said. I went out for a while this morning to take the garbage out. You must have thought I was still in the living room when you gave the instructions. I will do it now.† So, apparently, the reason why the tasks were not complied, as instructed was that my husband was not even there when I relayed the message. Had I barged and shouted the terms I inferred such as â€Å"irresponsible, insensitive and selfish† I would have definitely gone beyond the facts. Extending the Observation When the observation was extended to other people, the work setting is the most appropriate environment where facts and inferences abound. My husband relayed to me his experience in the workplace as he was requested by his boss to work with other personn el, as a team in complying with a new project of targeting new customers to increase their monthly sales. The boss specifically identified a colleague, Mr. X, to conduct a simple market research on a Friday afternoon at the nearby supermarket to determine if their products are fast moving and who their competitors are. The details are needed

African Diaspora 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African Diaspora 3 - Research Paper Example The first conference of the Association was held in 1900 by Williams and it was a three day conference which comprised of men and women of the African blood. There were many speakers who attended it and the most important message that was addressed to the nation was that the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the colour-line. This was the defining statement of the conference and many of the issues related to the injustice and racism suffered by the Africans were raised. With the support of the French Parliament, a conference was held in 1919 in Paris. It included many members representing the Africans and they came to the suggestion of drafting a law for the rights of the Africans internationally. Further more, the conference discussed the need for supervision of colonies to survive the economic exploitation and to abolish capital punishment of the colonial subjects. The right to education was also raised and self government was stressed upon. It was also suggested that more conferences should be organized for further success (Adi,  Sherwood 13). In 1921, the Pan African conference was held in London and after a month in Brussels. Both the conference stressed upon the racism in America and demanded for local self government. It also discussed the economic and political status of the colonial powers and the need for increased contacts between the interracial groups. In 1923 the conference reaches Lisbon where the representatives addressed the conditions and the exploitations of the black workers and the suggestions to try to demolish racism. Following the conferences, the Pan African delegates held their fifth congress in New York. The conference held delegates from states of America and ten foreign countries. The delegates were mostly blacks and women and the conference was funded by Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. The conference

Assess the Value of Formal Investment Appraisal Techniques Essay

Assess the Value of Formal Investment Appraisal Techniques - Essay Example The central themes of all three writers under review have therefore been to look into how best practices in formal investment start up have been adhered to; particularly with the cases of acquisition of venture capital. Below, there is a detailed discussion of the three themes of the essay as presented from the perspectives of the three writers. Formal Investment Appraisal as Part of a Businesss Plan (Ashmalla et al.) Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008) who pointed to venture capital as a formal investment type in today’s contemporary world, they point to the designing of business plans as the most viable formal investment appraisal to use to secure venture capital and also assess the progress of the ventures that come out of the venture capital investment. Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008 p. 385) take the meaning of formal investment from the perspective of venture capital. The writers therefore undertake exclusive research on how business owners perceive venture capital and how they go about the subject. The writers explain that venture capital is an aspect of formal investment whereby business owners and investors seek for source of funding to start up their businesses and ventures. This is has indeed been an ongoing phenomenon in contemporary business setting for a very long time. Primarily, investors and entrepreneurs seek for capital to start up their businesses because of the belief they have always had in their abilities to make revenues, amass profits and pay off the sources of their capital. Because the search for capital to start up any venture results in an eventual amassment of wealth, Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008, p. 386) regard the practice as an important investment pattern in contemporary business scenarios. Generally, investments are undertaken to make profits. To this extent, the writer agrees with Ashamalla, Orife and Abel (2008) on this point that venture capital is now regarded as an important source of formal investment for business owners and investors. The writer however criticizes the situation whereby investors have to look for other form of funds to pay off their debts. This is because it is not always certain that the ventures they start will be profitable. The writers therefore collected data on how different respondents who were all business oriented personnel viewed and envisioned the use of business plan as an appraisal technique. In the larger sense, there were several respondents who agreed to the importance of business plans in helping investors secure venture capital. The reason given by such respondents has to do with the fact that business plans helps the creditors in assessing the real strategies and visions of the capital seekers. In this way, the capital seekers are put in a better position to convince creditors that they have put enough plans in place to pay off the debts should it be granted. There were respondents who also held the view that business plans are only cosmetic and that they do not actually raise the chances of capital seekers of securing capital. From the estimation of the writer, an investor who has not started a venture yet could have nothing more tangible in proofing his lot than a business plan. Business plans are there very important appraisal techniqu

INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES - Assignment Example In essence, Shanghai General Motors was established in mid 1997 with the initiative of a joint venture with another world leading automotive industry known as General Motors (Anderson 2012). The business relationship was meant to be an equal contribution. This relationship was later sealed with the first automotive assemble in 1999 and the first vehicle been Buick Regal. Four years later, the company was rated as the second largest single market that had hit the market with General Motor products. In this regard, Shanghai General Motors is involved with the assembling of components of vehicles that emanate from parts imported from different corners of the globe particularly from US, Korea, Brazil among other countries that are capable of producing automotive parts across the globe. At times, the company makes orders on these parts in advance because some require lengthy shipping to comply with the orders given by customer in various parts of the world (Klein and Abels 2008). From the re onwards, this joint venture has immensely improved to become China’s largest automotive manufacturing company. ... According to Luo and Yan 2001, it is worth noting that China is among the leading countries that have advanced technologically and thus the automotive industry is not un exception. Of importance to note is that automotive industry is one of the world’s crucial technological areas as it involves variety of vehicles which are targeted by millions of people globally. Never the less, information gathering from this multi billion company has not been easy because some of their facts keep on fluctuating depending on the behavior of the market and their potential competitors such as Chery and MD Rover. Actually, they believe in coming up with unique brands, which they place into the market without having to advertise first to bar their competitors from coming up with similar brands that might threaten their ever growing market of automotives. In addition, it becomes cumbersome for individuals to easily access their numerous distinct plants where most of the assembling is done in rega rd to their policy. Type of joint venture It is apparent that Shanghai General Motors Company has been one of the biggest car manufacturing companies in china. The company was formed after a successful collaboration between General Motors and SAIC. With continued lack of advanced technology imported to china by other companies, SAIC decided to approach GM with intent of importing top technology to china on the basis that SAIC would help GM to jointly work in china. In this regard, SAIC and GM privately held a joint venture in 1997 and Shanghai GM (SGM) was born. The investment was valued at $ 1.69 billion. In light of this, it is apparent that the privately held joint venture between the two companies improved their performance (Baran, et al 1996). With GM, china was not only a

Compound Interest and the Power of Saving Essay

Compound Interest and the Power of Saving - Essay Example Interest in a nut shell is the cost of buying and selling money. The Banks buy money from you when you deposit money in the savings accounts or Certificate of Deposits at the Banks. The Banks give you a rate of interest on those accounts. But what do banks get out of that They then sell the money through loans and credit cards. So let us suppose the Banks give you 3% interest rate on the savings account and get 8% interest rate on a loan they give out. Essentially they make a profit of 5 % on that money. Now what is compounding of interest Simply put when interest is being paid on some money, that interest is added to the money and then the interest clock starts ticking on the new amount. Though it does not particularly sound exciting it is a very powerful concept and if utilized well can financially benefit anyone who understands it. To understand this concept an old parlor trick question can help. That question is, what would you prefer $1000 everyday for a month or a penny doubled everyday for the month (i.e. 1 cent the first day 2 cents the second day 4 cents the third day etc.). The mathematically astute person knows that this is a no contest and the person taking the penny doubling offer wins by a huge margin. The compound interest can be explained like this .Simple interest as we already know is the interest that is derived from only the investment in a principal amount. Say we take $100 and put it in an investment for one year at a simple interest rate of 10%. We multiply the interest rate of 10% times the principal amount of $100 to derive an interest payment of $10. This seems fairly obvious and straightforward. But let's look at what happens in the second year if the interest is not paid out. In a "compound" investment, the interest is not paid out to the holder; it is built up within the investment. Consider our $100 above. If the interest was paid out after the first year, we would get our $10 in interest and have our original $100 still invested. If the interest is not paid out, however, we would have our original principal of $100 plus $10 in interest for a total of $110 at the end of the first year. This entire amount would bear the original interest rate of 10% for the second year. Not only would we get 10% or $10.00 in interest on the original principal of $100, we would also get $1 which is 10% on the $10.00 interest from the first year. Our total interest received would be $11. This would continue into the third year. At the end of the second year, since we have not paid out any interest, we would start with our $110 from the end of the first year plus the $11 we earned in the second year. This would give us a third year opening balance of $121 which would bear interest of 10% for the third year. Our 10% interest on $121 equals $12.10. Assuming we still don't pay out any interest, we will now have a total investment of $133.10. Well it still does not look too exciting. But let us extrapolate this further. If we leave t his $100 alone for about 30 years we will end up with a $ 1000. Now that is interesting but definitely not exciting. Well how about this using the same mathematics if you save a $100 a week in thirty years that is One Million dollars. Now that without any doubt is exciting. But this sounds too good to be true, so the skeptic in me says that most likely in 30 years Million dollars would be

Corporate Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Law - Coursework Example However, by virtue of a floating charge, the charge is for the most part treated as unsecured allowing the company to deal with the asset or assets to which the charge is attached as if it was not subject to a loan.9...... Should DART fail to satisfy the terms of the loan agreement, the lender will have the right to take possession of the asset subject to the fixed charge. This limits the extent to which the company may deal with the asset subject to a fixed charge until such time as the loan is discharged. However, by virtue of a floating charge, the charge is for the most part treated as unsecured allowing the company to deal with the asset or assets to which the charge is attached as if it was not subject to a loan.9 In addition or as an alternative, lenders may insist on including a clause in the loan agreement allowing them to have a measure of control over the business transactions of the company. This kind of an arrangement involves an obligation on the part of corporate management to obtain the lender’s consent prior to conducting specific business transactions.10 There are other mechanisms that lenders may use that go beyond that which is typically characteristic of a simple loan agreem ent. One of these mechanisms is the attachment of larger than usual interest payments or the retention of title to an asset purchased by virtue of a loan until such time as the loan is discharged.11 Essentially, the various mechanisms of going beyond the simple loan agreement for additional lender protection are known as â€Å"creditor self-help†.12 C. If new ordinary shares were to be issued, to raise additional capital, the entitlement of each of the existing shareholders to these shares Ordinary shares confer upon the owner the right to dividends as well as voting entitlements.13 When a company contemplates issuing new ordinary shares it must first offer those shares to existing shareholders under the right of pre-emption.14 However, since the statutory provision prescribing pre-emptive

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND PROPERTY Case Study

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND PROPERTY - Case Study Example The cause of action arises from the nuisance can be put forward before the Court. Section 106(b) of Rent Act 1977 says that or that the lessee or any person residing has been guilty of conduct which is a nuisance or annoyance to adjoining occupiers. The law allows the tenant to use the property for what ever purpose they choose, unless the tenancy agreement states otherwise. It's therefore wise to restrict the property's use to that of a single private dwelling. Also impose an obligation on the tenant not to: cause nuisance or annoyance to neighboring occupiers. The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding area is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is obvious that the using the path through the cottage 1 by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimant's use or enjoyment of land. ... Now we shall look into the given case and shall decide how these three tenants liable to each other. Cost cottage 1 The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding area is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is obvious that the using the path through the cottage 1 by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimant's use or enjoyment of land. This aspect is well explained in the case of British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd (3). Cost cottage 2 The same aspect which is mentioned in cottage 1 can be applied here. If the tenants of cottage 1 and cottage 3 faces the problem of wandering the chickens of tenant 2 and it causes nuisance to these tenants ,their complaint should be considered. Cost Cottage 3 The general principle in the common law that anyone can build or use whatever he likes upon his land. If the effect is to interfere with the light, air or view of his neighbor, that is his misfortune. The owner's right to build can be restrained only by covenant or the acquisition of an easement of light or air for the benefit of windows or apertures on adjoining land. This point is explained in the case Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd. Here in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd [1969] 2 All ER 1253 3 this case the tenant of cottage 3 has the right to buy anything

Critical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Critical summary - Essay Example This trend towards political despotism led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming dynasty had an all-powerful emperor with no real role for their regional aristocracy. The dynasty experienced administrative paralysis due to debilitating court factionalism and decline in imperial leadership. If a regional branch of government is not taken seriously, problems like peasant rebellion and invasion are likely to occur. This leads to the fall of any government. Constant invasion by the rebel army led by Li zicheng made emperor Weizong hang himself signifying the end of the Ming Dynasty. This section examines the management problems of dynasties. It, therefore, connects to other parts of the chapter that addresses the rise and fall of other Chinese dynasties. Generally governments that their despotism continues unabated usually oppress their subjects. Governments, therefore, need to be considerate of their subjects, they need to serve them equally to gain their trust and support for them to rule for a long period of time. The governments, therefore, needs to identify the possible fundamental reasons for failures to ensure that they  take a direction  that best suits their subjects to enhance their

Criminal Profiling Essay Example for Free

Criminal Profiling Essay Criminal profiling involves analyzing the scene of a crime and then use the information gathered from the analysis to determine correctly the identity of a perpetrator. This method of identifying perpetrators is very useful though it does not assist an investigator in getting the name of the perpetrator it helps narrow down and thus makes it easier to identify a criminal. (Dennis, 2006) Some of the pertinent issues that criminal profiling helps in bringing out include but not limited to the sex of the perpetrator, the background of a person in terms of ethnic community, age and personality. This profile is then used to single out a criminal among several people who appear to match with some of the features identified in the profile. One may wonder just how does criminal profiling work? Normally experts examine the manner in which a particular crime is committed. This is commonly referred to as the method of operations. Usually the experts will take the identity of the victims and then examine what the suspected criminals have in common especially in terms of the likely weapon that was used to commit the particular crime in question. The other issue that the experts look at is the brutality or hostility that was used during the commission of the crime in question by the perpetrator. Existence of torture or any form of hostility is yet another trait that experts look for when using the criminal profiling method. One student in an American University during a lecture asked her professor why he believed that the criminal profiling method actually works in identifying a perpetrator in a criminal act. The professor gave a precise answer and stated that thorough research has been carried out over the years and there have been conducted some interviews even with convicts who have helped prove the workability of this method. There are two main ways that are used to come up a criminal profile. One of the methods is one that is commonly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation known as criminal scene analysis. This method involves a number of steps which include profiling inputs. This basically involves gathering evidence in terms of anything that was found in the scene of the crime. The second step usually is to put the evidence together and try to see if there is any common aspect in the crimes committed by the suspects. Crime assessment and investigation follows and it is after that some apprehensions can be made based on the investigations. The second method is the behavioral evidence analysis. This method was developed by Brent Turvey who argued that when a crime is being investigated there are a lot of discrepancies that rise from all the gatherings that are made by the investigative team. The first step is forensic analysis which involves analyzing physical evidenced gathered which may involve taking photographs and videos of the crime scene and having interviews with some of the victims of the crime who may be alive. Victimology is the nest step and involves creating a profile for a victim which in turn helps identify the criminal responsible. The third step is examining keenly the features and characteristics of the scene of crime as this is said to give a leading clue on who the suspect could be. The last step is combining the first three steps discussed and it is this combination that helps the investigators come up with a criminal profile. According to Turvey a crime ought to be analyzed in four main steps to ensure that the information gathered by the investigative team does not bear any discrepancies. Criminal profiling has in several instances been criticized as a source that lacks credibility on the basis that it is based on speculations. However experts state that according to research that has been conducted for several years now, criminal profiling has a considerably high level of credibility. Profiling involves a number of phases. The initial phase in every criminal profiling is known as antecedent which involves attempting to figure out the plan or the fantasy that the perpetrator of a crime had prior to the commitment of the crime. Basically this phase of criminal profiling involves an attempt to unearth the motive behind the commission of a crime by the perpetrator. The second phase is known as method and manner and involves examining the target group that the perpetrator was aiming at in the crime committed and more so the manner in which or better still the method used to commit the crime in question. Brent, 2002) The third phase in criminal profiling is known as body disposal and is common in murder cases. This is where experts attempt to examine where the scene of crime is the same with the place where the body was dumped or whether the crime was committed at a particular place and then the body dumped in yet another place thus introducing the concept of multiple. (Davis, 2007) Post offense behavior is the final or the last phase in criminal profiling and it is quite tricky. Post offense behavior involves investigating behavior of criminals especially after commission of crimes. Normally some criminals try to hide their identity by pretending to be part of the investigating team. Experts must therefore use their expert knowledge to single out criminals who pretend to be assisting in the investigation process yet they are the suspects. Having examined in great depths what criminal profiling is all about, it may be of paramount importance to address the issue of whether criminal profiling has managed to shape up chance. Basically by making this analysis we are able to know whether criminal; profiling does any play any vital role in helping to identify criminals in a given crime in question. In simpler terms using criminal profiling as a method of identifying criminals what are the chances of identifying the suspect responsible in the criminal act at hand. In the beginning of the twentieth century, criminal law took a new twist with criminal profiling slowly shaping chance. Majorly what changed during the twentieth century was the inference in terms of probability. During this century actuarial methods changed. One thing to note that it is not the risk analysis and actuarial thinking that actually changed but the inferences in terms of probability. The actuarial methods got more refined so that using the criminal profiling method one can be sure that the identity of a particular perpetrator is correct. In conclusion therefore it is correct to state that over the year and more so after the twentieth century, criminal profiling is slowly gaining acceptance as reliable method of correctly identifying perpetrators of crimes. This is because it has been studied and proved that it shapes chance so that the probability of a person to be the suspect of a crime in question having been pointed out by the criminal profiling method is very high.

Study Abroad And Culture Shock Education Essay

Study Abroad And Culture Shock Education Essay What is meant by study abroad is shortly that Off-campus education that occurs outside the participants home country as defined by Peterson, Engle, Kenney, Kreutzer, Nolting, and Ogden (2007, p.177). As defined in the study by Kitsantas and Meyers (2001) study abroad programs are based on an educational aim and they take place out of country boundaries which are participants native land. To be familiar with a new culture, to be receptive and more knowledgeable, to get professional information from another university and to reach a high level of target language can be some purposes of study abroad, in reference to Behrnd and Porzelt (2011). Study abroad programs require to be connected with foreign societies and cultures. However, trying to be adapted to a new culture sometimes ends up with culture shock. There is a need for knowing the meaning of culture to be able to understand what culture shock is. Culture, according to Mcleod (2008), is to learn social heritage covertly and overtly, implicitly and explicitly, consciously or unconsciously and it helps to perceive, relate and interpret the reality. What is the culture shock? According to definition of Chapdelaine and Alexitch (2004), culture shock is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the multiple demands for adjustment that individuals experience at the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, and physiological levels, when they relocate to another culture (p. 168). Culture shock, especially for students, is a very common issue when they are in a study abroad program. Culture shock can be defined as the period of adaptation of a new culture when a person experiences some feelings like anxiety, confusion and disruption while living in the new culture (Befus, 1986). Additionally, Pedersen (1995) has many definitions about culture shock: (1) is a process and not a single event, (2) may take place at many different levels simultaneously as the individual interacts with a complex environment, (3) becomes stronger or weaker as the individual learns to cope or fails to cope, (4) teaches the individual new coping strategies which contribute to future success, and (5) applies to any radical change presenting unfamiliar or unexpected circumstances. Situations of culture shock abroad provide metaphors for better understanding culture shock related to physical health, environmental disaster, economic failure, psychological crises, or any radical change in lifestyle (p. vii). 1.2 Purpose and Rationale As the social life has an important place in everybodys life times, this study was conducted to examine the symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. By searching the symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students, we wanted to contribute to the studies searching solutions to problems resulting from these causes if there was any. With the help of this study, foreign METU students may get some information about what culture shock is and they may learn what kind of problems they can face at METU because of culture shock. The main reason for this research was to find out whether or not there were any differences in terms of symptoms and causes of culture shock on social lives of foreign METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. In addition to this, it was aimed to explain (a) what the symptoms of culture shock were, (b) what the causes of culture shock were and (c) which of these causes were the most common. 1.3 Limitations This research was conducted with only METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. Since there was no possibility to reach all the foreign students at METU, the number of participants was limited to 40 students. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to all foreign students in universities of Turkey. LITERATURE REVIEW There are many people who travelled to remote regions so as to work, settle, teach, study and have fun in human history (Bochner, 2003). In recent years, study abroad programs have become very popular among university students. When the participants are away from their home country, they may have some difficulties in adjustment to new country and its culture. These difficulties are mostly caused by culture shock. According to Bragg (2005), culture shock is a situation hard to get accustomed because of some elements like different physical environment, clothes, transportation, and food. Researchers state that in the globalizing world, study abroad gets more and more students attention due to the fact that it has a crucial role on students analytic abilities, aspects for cultural diversity and their potential to cope with ambiguity (Carlson, Burn, Useem, Yachimowicz, 1991). Whereas the specific objectives of study abroad programs depend upon the institutions participating in those, intercultural and academic proficiency are common to all institutions, in respect to Anderson, Lawton, Rexeisen and Hubbard (2005). Teichler (2004) indicates that the reasons for participating in study abroad programs are generally to learn a language in its native environment, to improve oneself, to take academic courses in another university, to understand and be familiar with a new culture, to increase the opportunities for business and to travel. There are three types of study abroad programs: full year, semester and summer term programs. Dwyer (2004) points out that full year programs generally last 32 weeks, semester programs last at least 16 weeks and summer term programs change six to seven weeks in length. No matter what the length of program is there will be culture change in their lives. There is no connection between duration of staying in a new culture and attitudes towards this culture either positively or negatively (Feichtinger and Fink, 1998). Like language, culture acquisition occurs in early childhood with an inner aptitude and then it is supported with formal and informal education in social life into adulthood. (Stewart Leggat, 1998). As culture has an important role on all human beings lives, any change in the culture may cause some problems and one of them is culture shock. Culture shock, especially for students, is a very common issue when they are in a study abroad program. Pyvis and Chapman (2005) illustrate that in the concept of higher education, international students travelling to other countries in order to study are identified at risk of culture shock. People usually suffer from emotional disturbance when they are in an unfamiliar culture. There are many troubles of students who come from a country to another one so as to take higher education, especially if they have quite distinctive culture in their home country. Jimà ©nez and Leichnitz (n.d.) note that the exchange students may confront many problems on their social lives, for instance, they may not know how to use the bank systems, where to go shopping, how to use public transportation and how to live according to traditions of that culture. Previous research on this topic is limited in Turkey. However, there have been conducted many research about this topic around the world. For example, there is a study conducted in United Kingdom by Mehdizadeh and Scott (2005) and they emphasize problems that students may encounter such as educational system which is quite different from the methods their own country, difficulty in adaptation to British customs, places to stay or sorts of food. In view of Mcleod (2008), exchange students from Western countries, especially ones in Europe, experience lower degree of culture shock than non-Western countries students. The degree of culture shock changes because of racism and discrimination not only Western cultures but also their taboos. In addition to this, the effects of exchange students beliefs related to Americans negative perspective about their own country may cause infelicity and adaptation problems. As mentioned by Chapdelaine and Alexitch (2004) The term culture shock was first introduced by anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in the late 1950s. Culture shock occurs due to decline of well-known elements of culture; therefore, some negative feelings appear in individuals lives While travelling to a new country and being familiar with a new culture seem as positive affairs, they do not always positive effects in peoples lives. There are five stages of culture shock according to Pedersen (1995). He defines and explains those stages. First stage is honeymoon stage in which exchange students experience curiosity and excitement to new culture. In the second disintegration stage, they have feeling of disintegration and they cannot supply the requirements of the new culture. In the third reintegration stage they start to adapt to and reintegrate with new culture. In the fourth autonomy stage, there is a comparison between the new culture and the old one in terms of positive and negative elements. Lastly, in the fifth interdependence stage, individuals become bicultural, so they feel comfortable in both cultures. However, it is uncertain that whether or not every individual reaches to fifth stage and acquires biculturalism On the ground that every student cannot reach the fifth stage, culture shock does not always end up with positive results (p.3). The research Culture Shock: Causes and Symptoms by Miller (2008) mentions that there are 13 factors that cause culture shock. According to him, elements causing culture shock are language, interpersonal communication, politics, mentality, religion, Americans attitude toward international students, infrastructure, service quality, education system, food, environmental concerns, social responsibility and immigration policies. These causes are so general that they should be narrowed down. Since the main focus of this research was the social lives of foreign METU students, only some causes based on social life were included in this research. In social life people always communicate with each other. Thus, interpersonal communication has an important role on peoples lives. Selà §uk (n.d.) assumes that every society has their linguistic behavior models so as to use in daily life. These linguistic behavior models differ from society to society and culture to culture. If individuals participating in communication have different cultures there will be a disagreement in communication as they will not know the meaning of attitude and behaviors in the new culture. Since people cannot communicate with each other due to the differences in linguistic behavior models, they have high possibility to confront culture shock. The problem in communication with the people of a new country has a close relationship with the attitudes of host country people toward foreign students. According to a statement by Frost (2007), Finding a group of like minded people who will welcome them with open arms and empathize with their plight is like finding an oasis in a cultural desert. All of the students in host country do not have positive attitude toward foreign students, hence, the students coming from different counties have problem with finding friends. Frost emphasizes this issue saying that the exchange students, in fact, do not prefer to be friends with whom they have when they are in a study abroad program. However, as their choices are very limited, they have to be friends with those of host country. As the world becomes more and more globalizing, students try to go to other countries for higher education. Ginkel (2008) considers that every person has their own point of view about education and its aim. It is not surprising to find out that different countries have different aims in education. When people are in another country, they can feel the education system of this country has a dissimilar way of teaching from one of their home country. According to Mehdizadeh and Scott (2005) Students may need to adjust to a new educational system, which differs considerably from the methods of study in their own country This adaptation progress can be hard some foreign students due to big differences between education system of their home country and education system of country they have come as foreign students. The research Culture Shock: Causes and Symptoms by Miller (2008) presents 10 general symptoms of culture shock that are irritability, homesickness, social withdrawal, boredom, a need for excessive sleep, depression, over-eating or loss of appetite, mental or relationship stress, loss of ability to study effectively, and feeling sick much of the time. If it is needed to specify more, there are some other symptoms like excessive preoccupation with drinking water, food and dishes, fear of physical contact with servants and great concern over minor pain as Befus (1986) stated. Study abroad programs that sometimes cause culture shock have been in demand much more recent years. As regards YÄ ±ldÄ ±z, ÇakÄ ±r and Kondakà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± (2011), although Turkey is seen among countries sending students, the number of foreign students coming to Turkey on the purpose of study abroad has been increasing consistently. In Turkey, it is hard to set a common rationale for foreign students from different countries and cultures. All students who come to Turkey for study abroad have differential reason for choosing Turkey. Turkey not only has many universities but also historical and natural beauty which anybody wants to see. These features make Turkey attractive for foreign students. According to Gibbs (2011), METU is one of the most prestigious universities in Turkey. Therefore, it hosts over 1000 foreign students who want to take an academic education around the world. METU and these foreign students are inseparable from each other. The purpose of METU is to increase the number of foreign students next years. This study aimed to highlight some causes and symptoms of the culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Questions This research was conducted in order to find answers to the following research questions: Are there any changes on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? If yes, which changes are resulted from culture shock? What are the causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? What are the symptoms of that culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? Are there any differences at the rate of causes and symptoms of culture shock among social lives of foreign students from Europe, Asia and other continents at METU? In this study, it was expected to find some significant symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students. It was predicted that foreign students had both same and different symptoms and causes. By taking into consideration these three types of students, the symptoms and causes of culture shock was investigated.

Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals

Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals Organizational structure: Consists of activities such as task coordination, allocation and supervision, which are directed towards the employees, get the organizational aims. It can be considered as the glass or outlook through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Some organizations have hierarchal structures. Work Specialization: A manager gives the task to his employees and makes the subgroups or division of labor, employees will perform better task according to their work experience and skill. For example Honda Car Company makes the subgroups; they will divide their employees into many categories. 1st worker to design the car 2nd worker to paint the car 3rd worker to put the front and back wheel of the car another person to install the engine of the car and so on. Advantage In work specialization workers get expert to his work and there will be rare chances of mistake. Disadvantage By doing the repeated work again and again employees feel bored what they do. Departmentalization In departmentalization jobs are divided into many levels. There are many types of departmentalization which are given below: 1. Functional departmentalization In this type of departmentalization group of people combine together. They perform common task that use common technology, and material. For example HR, Finance, etc. Advantages In functional departmentalization one function is adopted by one department. Disadvantages There is poor management in functional departmentalization. Communication problem will arise in functional departmentalization. 2. Product departmentalization This is a type of departmentalization in which products are divided according to the type of product. For example Nestle company. Advantages: Work experience will be more improved; many salesmen sell the product again and there work skill is improved in product departmentalization. In this product department management of other functional activities is passing to manager. Disadvantages: In product departmentalization administration cost will arise. Another disadvantage of this departmentalization is that it cut of the department from the other parts of the process. This department may be became very extremely distributed with its individual task in its place performing arts in habits that will profit in generally production process and firms. 3. GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTALIZATION In this departmentalization grouping actions are performed on the basis of field. E.g. Coca Cola Company has focused the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s procedure in twice large Geographic areas-the northern American sector and the international sector, which can be embraced the Pacific Rim, the European community, northeast Europe, Africa and Latin American groups. Advantages: It has an advantage to get quick response of different markets. According to geographic costs are kept low. If there is geographical departmentalization then employees know the culture and languages of existing place through which they can deal their customers easily. Disadvantages It has a disadvantage duplication problems will be create in firm cases. Another disadvantage it has complex to manage across department. 4. Process departmentalization: In this type of departmentalization only one specific work is given to each unit. 5. Customer departmentalization: Departmentalization in which task and jobs are performed according to the needs and wants of customers. E.g. A cross functional team consisting of managers from accounting, finance, and marketing is created to prepare a technology plan. Chain of command: Order in which power and authority in an organization is wielded and pass on top management to every employee at every level of the organization information flow downward along the chain of command and accountability flows upward. E.g. military is an example of straight chain of command which extend in unbroken line from the top self confidence to in ranks. This is also called line of command. Span of control: The span of control is a word to make in organization theory, but now used more normally in business management, particularly human resource management span of control to refer the number of subordinates supervisor has. There are two way of span of control Tall and narrow Flat and wide Tall and narrow: This type of organization size of structure is tall and narrow. In tall organization there is large number of hierarchy level. This implies a narrow span of control. Advantages: In tall organization employees can easily solve the problems because there is less burden of work. Disadvantages: In tall organization communication problems will be arising, as decisions take time to à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“filter downà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. In tall organization same task passes through too many levels. There may arise conflict with each others due to large level of hierarchy. Flat and wide: This type of organization size of structure is flat and wide. In flat organization there is Small number of hierarchy levels. This implies a wide span of control. Advantages: More chances for delegation in flat organization. In flat organization Small number of steps on promotional ladders. Disadvantages: In flat organization Manager may have more than one of the numbers of employees. Growth of organization may be limit or hinder in flat organization. Centralization: Centralization the degree to which authority for making most decision at the top level of the organization. Top level manager take the decision there will no interference of lower level of the organization in centralization. Procedures, policies and records can be standardized transition-wide in centralization. Decentralization: The degree to which authority for making decision of all hierarchy levels of the organization. Matrix structure: The type of structure in which an organization hold team of people make the various section of business. When team makes the specific project for any purposes they are guided by a project manager. Often the team will only exist for the time of project and structures are usually deployed to create a new products and services. Advantages: Authorities and responsibilities can be shared among each others. There is less conflicts among each others. Disadvantages: If the project manager creates a project teams a lot of costs can be increased. Matrix structure is not suitable for small organization. Organizational culture: It is an idea in the field of management and organizational studies which can be describes the experience, attitudes, beliefs, psychology and value (cultural values and personal) of an organization. The values and norms that are shared by groups and peoples in an organization they control the path of which they can relate with each others and with stakeholders exterior of organization. There are four types of cultures which can be below. Power culture Role culture Person culture Task culture Power culture: Power culture is a culture in which one organization has more authority over another organization. .e.g. state bank has more authority over all the banks of Pakistan. If state bank of Pakistan takes changes in their laws or regulations then the banks all over Pakistan will follow the state bank of Pakistan. Role culture: Role culture is a culture in which each company divide themselves into many functions and after that they give every employee a specific role. Every employee got specialized in that role which increases organization productivity. Person culture: Person culture is a culture which emphasize on aim of organization. The target of the organization is to complete their aim. These cultures are found in those organizations which are not profit oriented. Task culture: Task culture is a culture which is submitted to a team to perform a specific task. The task is performed according to a due date. Task culture has some benefits because an employee feels inspired because he/she is selected in team to perform a task. Affect of organizational culture The affect of organizational culture depends upon the organization. If an organizational culture will be strong then it will make every employee to work hard or to become more efficient. It includes workers, staff, CEO Etc. some people get bored while doing their job which can affect the organization. By having strong culture it creates the enjoyment in job which leads to do more effort. Organization culture helps the employee to keep them on top; if the workers are satisfied according to the culture of organization then they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t leave the job, which leads to stay in their own organization. A strong organizational culture attracts more talented people towards itself. So if the organization culture will be strong then it will create positive affect and if it is weak then it will be negative. Affect of organizational structure the structure of an organization is important to the performance of the organization. Two basic features of an organization structure are its width i.e. spans of control its height i.e. the levels of decentralization. From different observations done by different researchers it is stated that the change in the organizational structure, through its shape in terms of width and height, would affect the whole organizational performance. According to researchers and theorists there are two possible models of structures. 1-Flat: It consists of cross-functional team, with low formalization, possessing broad information and relying on fast decision making. 2-Tall: Its structure would be the opposite i.e. widespread departmentalization, high formalization, limited information and centralization. Therefore, the Flat model of structure would have the maximum width (span of control) but the minimum height (level), while the Tall model of structure would have the reverse, minimum span of control and maximum level. These are illustrated in Figure 1.

No Work, No Food :: essays research papers

"No Work, No Food† 83 Hyakujo, the Chinese Zen master, used to labor with his pupils even at the age of eighty, trimming the gardens, cleaning the grounds, and pruning the trees. The pupils felt sorry to see the old teacher working so hard, but they knew he would not listen to their advice to stop, so they hid away his tools. That day the master did not eat. The next day he did not eat, nor the next. â€Å"He may be angry because we have hidden his tools,† the pupils surmised. â€Å"We had better put them back. The day they did, the teacher worked and ate the same as before. In the evening he instructed them: â€Å"No work, no food.† In life, people take many things for granted, whether it is how we play with our children, or what kind of job we do, or just simply having fun. For the older generation, taking things for granted wasn’t an option. In this simple passage, trying to convince someone to take it easy proved to be a very valuable lesson for some youngsters. When life gets to ruff, normally we tend to slow down a bit. Often the younger generation, healthy and strong, perceives that the older generation should take it easier than normal. However, in China, the Chinese Zen master doesn’t seem to fit this scenario. They seem to carry the philosophy that each carries their own weight no matter what the consequence. The younger pupils felt the Master was working extremely to hard and knew that he would not to a break. Having this information, they concocted a plan to hide his work tools so he would have no choice but to take a break. As the day slowly elapsed into darkness, they realized the Zen master hadn’t eaten. This carried into the 3rd day and finally the pupils felt he was angry so they returned them to their original place and that evening, they noticed the master eating again.

King Henry I :: essays papers

King Henry I The death of King Henry I in 1135 put Henry II on the path to the throne of England. Henry II lavish youth kept him sheltered from society only allowing him to have a couple friends. One of his life long friends soon became a burden because of differences in opinions about religion. Henry's intelligence and persistency from birth led him to be crowned King of England. The appointment of Thomas Becket to Archbishop by Henry II started the trend of conflict between the two over the separation of church and state. Henry II, the first of the Plantagents was the son of Geoffrey Plantagent and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. In 1152 Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the ex-wife of Louis VII of France. With this marriage, Henry gained considerable amounts of land in France. In 1153 Henry returned to England after his stay in France and forced Stephens to name him the heir of the throne. Henry immediately appointed his long-term friend Thomas Becket, English Chancellor, to be Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket accepted the job of Archbishop in 1162 but he did it with some reluctance. Becket's unkind heart soon became a thorn in Henry's side.(Hay 107) By 1163, Becket had already defied Henry in one of his decisions. He challenged his former friend in his vehement to dismantle the ecclesiastical courts. Becket became an ardent defender of the interests of the church. Becket's hard-nosed attitude towards defending the Church of England showed just how important the church was to England. "The affairs between Henry and Becket became a highly colored by their personal relationships."("Henry II") Their life long friendship was the only thing that kept the two on the same side. Another strong disagreement came between the two on the status of "criminous clerics." These were members of the clergy who had committed civil crimes. The crimes ranged from theft to assault and even murder. This became a total embarrassment to the church. Henry sought to have the members tried in the royal court, as would others who committed such crimes. Becket insisted that they only be tried in the clerical courts. The disagreement became a heated battle between the two. Becket stood firm on his belief that the matter should not be brought to a higher court.

The Theme of Loneliness in I Am the King of the Castle Essay -- Susan

The novel â€Å"I am the King of the Castle† clearly explores the themes of loneliness, sadness and depression in its plot. All of the main characters have difficulties with relationships and end up facing depressive moments and experiences, some insignificant but some crucial and terrifying. Joseph Hooper (father), Edmund Hooper (son) and Charles Kingshaw are three characters showing explicit loneliness almost throughout the whole novel. Their loneliness is shown by several reasons and caused by a large number of factors, most involving family issues. Joseph Hooper’s loneliness is caused mainly by his everyday lifestyle and habits. The loss of his wife made him deserted and very distant from his own son, Edmund Hooper. He is absent from the life of his son, ending up with having no one at all. Susan Hill makes us notice Joseph Hooper ´s loneliness in several ways using special techniques. It is easy to tell he is lonely without having to read much into the book or into his character. He doesn’t have a wife, and is not close to his son at all, neither by companionship nor by simply just educating him. Susan Hill also describes him in a very insecure way. We can notice this because he is always trying to prove himself to other people, even to his son, showing immaturity and lack of confidence. His timidity allows him to be easily vulnerable: â€Å"He shrank from the impression in the boy’s eyes, from his knowingness. He was his mother’s son.† Joseph hooper is so apprehensive, he is threatened by his own son. We can notice he is also a kind of â€Å"desperate† guy by the way he acts towards Miss Kingshaw and by the fact that he wants her recieves her in his house without even knowing her well enough. His insecur... ...alone with no one looking after him leads him into a very narrowed mind, that suggests that he needs to be alone and be the best when actually the thing he most wants is enchantment and worship. Kingshaw’s suffering mostly comes from his mother’s atitude, but he is so used to also being alone that he dosen’t attemp to save himself or ask for help, he gives up taking death as an easier option than persistance and fighting. Susan Hill’s cinematic view, helps to create tension and increases the characters feelings. The theme loneliness is carried through the whole book. It is actually the principal subject and doesen’t even get better at the end. As well as leading one of the characters to suicide, the loneliness remais because Hooper got what he wanted at the end but he is in fact still alone and miseralble with the same deterring father and Miss Kingshaw.

Guernica, Picasso 1937

The Spanish painter Picasso was a cubist and his worldwide famous ‘Queering' is a mural-sized flat oil painting on canvas (3. 5 meters tall and 7. 8 meters wide). It is all grey, blacks and whites and was painted in 1937. Picasso started the painting when he heard that the Germans had Just bombed the quiet and traditional Basque town of Queering on 26 April 1937 in support of the Spanish Nationalist forces of the Fascist General Franco during the Spanish Civil War.The broken sword near the bottom of the painting symbolizes the defeat of the people at the hand of their tormentors. The shape and posture of the bodies express protest, Picasso uses black, white, and grey paint to set a dark, sober mood and express pain and chaos, buildings in flames and crumbling walls not only express the destruction of Queering, but reflect the destructive power of civil war. The newspaper print used in the painting reflects how Picasso learned of the massacre and the light bulb in the painting r epresents the sun.Picasso monumental work showed the effect on both people and animals. The distorted forms and the monochromatic palette clearly show the grief of the people for example, he shows a fighter and a mother and child tit displaced features and ghost like forms along with a woman on fire running from a burning building. The fine patterns in the centre of the painting resembles words on torn pieces of newspaper, suggesting that art is as powerful as the mass media in communicating a message.Chaos and despair are amplified by sharp, angular shapes, particularly the bold triangular form at the centre of the painting and vivid contrasts of light and shade. On May 11 1937, he made the first sketch for the mural. By the tenth of May, he had already begun work on the canvas. And in early June, the mural was completed. There are about 100 recorded sketches relating to the mural, some made before Picasso started working on the canvas, and others done simultaneously with the paint ing.In some of the sketches, Picasso experimented with color. Even when the mural was almost completed, the artist stuck pieces of patterned wallpaper onto the canvas to determine the effect of color of the composition. Charcoal and oil paint were the main materials Picasso had used on his painting. Picasso had to use a ladder and a long-handled brush to reach the retest part of his artwork. An enormous size of the stretched canvas, measuring 3. 5 x 7. meters and so had to be tilted to fit under the rafters of the ceiling, and dim lighting from bay windows on one side of the studio, failed to interfere with action or progress. The painting was completed in twenty-four mad and wild days. Streams of ideas, emotions, traditions, myths, obsessions and symbols of his roots deeply surrounded in Hispanic and Mediterranean culture spilled onto the canvas. These were fuelled by anger and a need to express his pain. Queering, Picasso 1937 By cherry's

Energy Saving Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Environmental Sciences Essay

The ascorbic acid Trust utilize Research and Incubator strategies has all every position the sr. ages by means of their Low cytosine engine room science Assessment given a complete indi bunst of their applied science precedences and this nourish been arrest on the undercoat of the C salvaging dictum of each technology and the ex got to which the Carbon Trust support is plausibly to charter a deductionant impact on advancement towards its moneymaking(prenominal)izedized deployment. This they do interpret the increasing chalk up of m stary of C defilement in the purlieu which has led to a heap up of Greenho utilization particle accelerator ( GHG ) and has arrest clime modification a bang-up concern for the complete valet race.Harmonizing to the pew aggregate ( 2011 ) ab step forward all in all of the babys room fuck up ( GHG ) risings from the residential and commercialized sectors nates be attributed to but gross ton practice in buildings and illuming histories for approximately 11 % of zippo exercise in residential buildings and 18 % in commercial buildings, which means it practises the 2nd stupendousst snapper of readiness in edifices later warming, pass close toing, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems. on that pointfore accommodations to illuming systems do-nothing be straightforward and achieve hearty spend a penny up nestle eggs accordingly troll toing illume batch be a simple appearance to curb slew a edifice s zippo example and related GHG in a bell-effective mode. This pile be achieved harmonizing to the church bench Centre ( 2011 ) in 2 shipway Conservation by dint of minimising the score of squargon up assimilateable beam of illuminanceings be in role Efficiency advancements that come drink the pump of talent utilise to illume a given immortal, by and large utilizing a a hefty deal streamlined illuming technology. igniter is a blown-up and quickly t urning spring of postcode call for and babys room ordnance processions. In 2005 grid- leveld voltaical force intake for discernible radiotherapy was 2650 TWh worldwide, which was intimately 19 % of the entire mercury(a) galvanising slide fastener ingestion. Furtherto a greater extent, each twelvemonth 55 billion well- sap s firingeders of gasolene and Diesel ar physical exercised to run away vehicle perceptible irradiations. More than one-fourth of the population of the worldly concern uses liquid fuel ( kerosene vegetable oil ) to planning comfortableing ( IEA 2006 ) . globose electricality ingestion for illuming is distributed ab disc over 28 % to the residential sector, 48 % to the service sector, 16 % to the industrial sector, and 8 % to street and nearly separate(a) fervor.In the industrialised states, national electricity ingestion for illuming scopes from 5 % to 15 % , on the other manus, in maturation states the value hindquarters be all(prenominal) good turn exalted as 86 % of the entire electricity enjoyment ( Mills 2002 ) .More streamlined use of the qualification utilize for illuming would snip the rate of auxiliary of electric causation ingestion, pick disclose polish up the frugal and social greets ensuing from the building of young engage forthing capacity, and spot knock off the forward motions of glasshouse gases and other pollutants into the environs. At the minute fluorescent fixture lamps dominate in finishice waterying. In domestic illuming the dominant get off author is placid the in business exchangeable in bathroomdescent lamp, which is to a greater extent than a century octogenarian. At the minute, of spell pointors refering firing argon goose egg force, daylight employ, exclusive control of discernible radiation, attribute of ocular radiation, emanations during the life-cycle, and entire approachs.Efficient dismissal has been found in several(prenomin al) surveies to be a cost effectual mien to brush aside grim carbonic acid gas emanations. The Intergovernmental plank on Climate Change for non-residential edifices conclude that brawniness economic illuming is one of the start covering the largest potency and excessively preparation the cheapest extenuation options. Among the steps that guard realistic for CO2 reducing in edifices, dexterity business the deal illuming limit mickles fore virtually largest in maturation states, 2nd largest in states with their economic systems in passage, and 3rd largest in the industrialised states ( Urge-Vorsatz, Novikova & A Levine 2008 ) .The speculate by McKinsey ( McKinsey 2008 ) shows the cost-effectiveness of illuming systems in flash back spileing CO2 emanations see enrol 1.1. The pla scratchary C suspension cost curve imparts a map of the universe s abatement chances ranked from the to the lowest stop-cost to the broad(prenominal)est-cost options. This cost curve shows the stairss that devastationure be interpreted with engineers that either argon ready(prenominal) right away or survive genuinely wishly to go functional in the closing afterlife. The breadth of the bars indicates the sum of money of CO2 emanations that we could slake while the tallness shows the cost per ton abated. The lowest-cost chances appear on the leftover of the graph.Capture1.PNGFigure1.1- Costss of divergent CO2 suspension chances. ( McKinsey 2008 )The backdrop to a higher place shows clearly that it is non utilizationable to do a determination in one inquiry with issue sing the others. A holistic position takes into history all nada flows in the edifice over sunburn dismantle in regulate to make a sustainable tone- runner ( Diemer, 2008 ) . In order to construct high ordinary instauration edifices ( WBDG, 2008 ) we have to see all the several(predicate) figure procedures and facets of edifices ( see figure 1.2 ) and how edifices ar utilize by proprietors and users.Capture3.PNGFigure 1.2- Global aims for High Performance Buildings. ( WBDG, 2008 )IntroductionHarmonizing to Pew Centre ( 2011 ) illuming histories for approximately 11 % of brawn impost in residential edifices and 18 % in commercial edifices, indeed the demand to carry on light enjoyment and follow to a greater extent effectual plans arouse give signifi fag endt nest eggs. In add-on to that it lowlife too arc beat glasshouse gas emanations and give bene attach knocked out(p)s interchangeable remedy reading and running(a) conditions every small-arm good as get under ones skin vote down feather light pollution.Carbon emanation through the nursery gas consequence remains the uncommon job the unhurt universe is confronting callable to the increased exercising of fossil fuels and role of tralatitious technologys in light sources at places or in commercial edifices, every atomic number 42 good as or so(prenominal) edi fices still staying brown instead of pass awaying green. In order to execute the decrease of C in the Earth s aura every second base good as other nursery gases a toilet of industries have sprung up in the sassy or re stark nakedable postcode sector. mavin of those elements of the industry harmonizing to the US department for brawniness ( 2012 ) is the energy index finger sector, which may non look brassy or consequential at offshoot glimpse but is mildly spurring founding while slice cost and salvaging occupations across the state as to a greater extent industry attracters atomic number 18 turning to innovative energy dexterity proficiencys to cut down energy measures and shed low-cost trade ins.New illuming engine rooms argon legion(predicate) an(prenominal) quantify more(prenominal) economic than traditional engineerings such(prenominal) as in kindledescent electric-light medullas and exchanging to tenderfangled- doer engineerings green godde ss obey in signifi tummyt net energy custom decrease, and associated decreases in nursery gas emanations. The US Department of vitality in a travel along in 2008 revealed that utilizing light breathing rectifying tubes ( guides ) for niche intents in which it is dedicately viable would relieve tolerable electricity to be the end harvest-tide of 27 coal index number workss.This toil would give a description on enquiryes on different illuming readiness rules which stool be utilize in Carbon emanation decrease and energy preservation, every bit good as at any rate attend to commercial houses cut cost so that they atomic number 18 able to move forth low-cost merchandises and in any case embolden rescue more occupations in the present economic recession still apprehend with teething nearly houses in summit industrialized states of the universe.Company PROFILEABOUT USAPASI qualification COMPANY trammel is a planetary leader in renewable energy solution, the co mpany was established in 1993 with its specialisation in Lighting Efficiency Solutions and Technology. Having been in operation in Edinburgh ( UK ) and intimately states in Europe for the past(a) 20years, and conducts interrogationes that span over green engineerings exchangeable power technology, illuming engineering, surroundings pollution and committee, and more late C engineering.The company offers the close suited environmental scheme to run into specific environmental, comfort, energy and cost criterions. discipline computational methods backed by our practical, performance-based flame we can measure as physical bodyed options of environmental schemes giving greater flexibleness to architectural design.Areas of in effect(p)ness acceptEnvironmental frontage design and optimization analyse public presentation of frontage options including passion transportation, solar additions, day-lighting, and airing.Low energy edifice design buttocks different designs inc luding advice on edifice pattern and essential airing schemes to help the inactive low energy design.renewable and low C engineerings look into interchange engineerings that surmount suit the job needs, including facade integrated low C solutions.Since the beginning of concern, our stockholders have undertaken a significant course of study of investing in order to change the company to run into the quickly developing demands for energy use through illuming engineering, with all accent in expert invention and entire dexterity, we have maximised the environmental and economic public presentation of our resources, which has do us stand out in the energy market and run into our clients demands.TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEWLighting harmonizing represents at times up to 25 % of place galvanic consumption and it can impact the room one feels, work and interact with others. It helps accomplish mundane initiates and it is besides a present momentant mess of one s stayic public-ser vice corporation measure. Efficient illuming would because come in utilitarian since it is a signifier of scientific discipline every bit good as an art, despite the fact that most heap still use the light bulb, a engineering invented some 100 old ages ago by Thomas Edison. Since illuming whence plays an of import great deal in place galvanic usage and C emanation from residential and commercial edifices, increasing one s lighting aptitude is in that locationof one of the easiest and sudden slipway to take down energy measures ( hypertext transfer communications communications protocol //www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/lighting/ ) .Lighting or heartiness efficiency can therefrom be delineate as the optimization of energy ingestion, with no forfeit in illuming quality. It is a cabal of thoughtful design and choice of catch lamp, luminaire and control system choice made in concurrence with informed picks of the light degree take ond, integrating and consciousness of th e environment or infinite which is world lit ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.energyrating.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/2009-ref-manual-lighting.pdf ) . ignition system EFFICIENCY METHODSThis piece of ground of the proposal would advert the popular ways to cut down the sum of energy consumed by illuming systems and the quest discussed options give a scope of preservation options that can cut down the usage of unreal lighting ( beginning Pew Centre, 2011 ) Behavioral ChangeThis would remember a alteration in emplacement of energy users whether in residential and commercial edifices. Turning off conspicuous radiations when they argon non existence utilise reduces energy usage, nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations from electricity, and public-service corporation measures. It may take turning off macroscopic radiations in unoccupied suites or where there is enough natural evident radiation. Adjusting unreal in sight radiation end product can besides supply energy nest eg gs for illustration, utilizing working menage lighting ( e.g. , a desk lamp ) or else than room lighting can cut down the figure of fixtures in usage, and dimmers allow gross radiations to be used at maximal capacity when needful and at low capacity.BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES ( skim off )Timers and detectors can cut down light use to the necessity degree these options use engineering to mime the behavioral alteration described above. Detectors atomic number 18 used to black market different intents in this theoretical invoice of light energy efficiency and they ar of different sortsOccupancy detectors This aid assure that macroscopic radiations argon merely on when they ar being actively used. infr atomic number 18d light emission detectors can observe heat and gesture, and supersonic detectors can observe sound. Both must be installed right to guarantee that they be sensitive to human activity instead than other activity in the neighborhood ( such as ambient haphazardness ) . Some estimations suggest that tenancy detectors can cut down energy usage by 45 % , while other estimations atomic number 18 every bit high as 90 % .P white-hotograph detectors They use ambient visible radiation to escort the degree of light end product for a fixture. For illustration, photo-sensors might be used to turn exterior visible radiations off during daylight hours.IMPROVING Building DESIGN TO maximize NATURAL LIGHTBy bettering the significant sum of natural visible radiation that comes into a edifice, the demand for unreal lighting is reduced and it may merely go a addendum for usage at dark or when otherwise needed. Besides in cut kill GHG emanations through edifice design, it is of import to take a holistic attack that considers non merely how design affects natural visible radiation, but besides the warming and dispirit demands for the edifice.When unreal lighting is necessary, taking good engineerings can efficaciously cut down electricity usag e and related GHG emanations. In taking among the available engineerings, it is of import to see several factors, including the quality of illuming needed, the frequence of usage, and the environment in which the visible radiation is being used ( e.g. , indoor or out-of-door ) . The undermentioned types of lighting and fixtures argon most common in edificesINCANDESCENT BULBSThese bulbs mouth visible radiation when an galvanic authentic causes a tungsten fibril to air neverthe slight, 90 % of the energy used for the bulb is emitted as heat instead than light, doing these bulbs the least businesslike for most family intents when measuring them on a lms ( sum of light emitted ) end product to energy input footing. Halogen bulbs are a type of light that are somewhat more efficient than standard incandescent but slight efficient than most other options.COMPACT fluorescent fixture LAMPS ( CFLs ) AND FLUORESCENT TUBESThese emit visible radiation when an electric menstruation cause s an internal gas-filled chamber to make near with UV ( UV ) visible radiation, which is so emitted as seeable visible radiation through a special sort of surfacing on the tubing. on the whole fluorescent bulbs require bal destruction, a component part that regulates the current traveling through the lamp. Ballasts can be integrated into the bulb, as is the instance for most CFLs ( leting them to be used interchangeably with most candent bulbs ) or non-integrated, which require the ballast to be tract of the fixture, as is the instance for many fluorescent tubings used in schools and propertys. Ballasts come in two assortments magnetic ( which are older and less(prenominal) efficient ) and electronic ( which are newer and some(prenominal) more efficient ) .Both CFLs and fluorescent tubes come in a assortment of forms, coats, and efficiencies ( see Figure 1 for a diagram of a typical CFL bulb ) . They by and large use 75 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs. A CFL produces among 50-70 lms per W, compared to the 10-19 lms per W for an incandescent bulb. They are besides steadfast merchandises, with a life-time of 10,000 hours for CFLs and a life-time of 7,000-24,000 hours for tubings. Incandescent bulbs, by comparing, have a life-time of 750-2500 hours.hypertext transfer protocol //www.energystar.gov/ia/products/lighting/cfls/ characterizations/Parts_of_CFL_large.jpgFigure 1 plot of CFL Bulb ( Source U.S. EPA/ push aught Star Program. Learn about jampack fluorescent fixture Light Bulbs hypertext transfer protocol //www.energystar.gov/index.cfm? c=cfls.pr_cfls_about ) .HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE ( HID ) LAMPSHID Lamps come in several assortments with widespread applications. They emit light when a current-also regulated through ballast-is passed mingled with two electrodes on either terminal of a gas-filled tubing. Mercury, Na, or metal halide gas can be used, each with different colourize material end products, life-times, and a pplications. These types of visible radiations are non appropriate for all types of countries and usage for case, HID lamps have a foresightful start-up period-up to ten minutes-and are beaver used in countries where illuming must be sustained for several hours ( e.g. , on athleticss Fieldss or for street visible radiations ) . In general, HID bulbs are 75-90 % more efficient than incandescent bulbs and have a persistent life-time.Low-pressure SODIUMThough these types of lamps are among the most efficient available for outdoor usage, they are merely useable for certain applications because of their long start-up clip, cool-down clip, and hapless color material rendering. Low-pressure Na lamps are typically used for street or main road lighting, parking garages, or other security lighting. Because of their niche application, they are non typically considered as a stand-in for other types of less efficient bulbs.LIGHT EMITTING rectifying valve ( LED )In light-emitting rectifyi ng tubes, electrons and negatron holes ( atoms that lack an negatron ) combine, let go ofing energy in the signifier of visible radiation. This engineering has been around for several decennaries, but many applications of LEDs for illuming have merely late incur available commercially as improved coloring material renderings have been true and be reduced. LED fixtures use 75-80 % less electricity than incandescent bulbs, and can hold a liveliness 25 times monthlong than candent visible radiation bulbs.HYBRID solar LIGHTINGIn this emerge engineering, a roof-mounted solar accumulator sends the seeable part of solar energy into light-conducting optical overseas telegrams, where it is piped to interior edifice infinites. Accountants monitor the handiness of solar visible radiation and addendum it as necessary with fluorescent visible radiations to supply the begrudge light degrees at each location. archaean experiments show that intercrossed lighting is a feasible option for il luming on the tiptop two floors of most commercial edifices. This engineering has other assuring benefits every bit good. The solar aggregator on the rooftop can divide seeable visible radiation from infrared radiation the seeable visible radiation can so be used for lighting, and the infrared radiation can be used for other intents, such as to tally forth electricity, for hot H2O warming, or for a infinite heating unit. Because the energy is split, less heat energy is wasted in illuming it is alternatively used for other energy-consuming points within the edifice.Solid-state LIGHTING ( SSL )This are the side by side(p) genesis of light energy efficiency engineerings which make usage of light-emitting rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) , organic light-emitting rectifying tubes ( OLEDs ) , or light-emitting polymers are usually referred to as solid-state lighting ( SSL ) . irrelevant incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which bring forth light with fibrils and gases encased in a glass bulb, solid-state lighting harps of semi-conductors that turn electricity into light ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp ) . Harmonizing to a US Department of zippo ( DOE ) estimate no other illuming engineering offers the same degree of possible to cut down energy usage in the afterlife like the SSL. The DOE estimates that energy nest eggs in 2030 from SSL could make 190 TWh, the one-year electrical end product of 24 heavy(a) power workss ( 1,000MW ) . This they estimate would practise in 31.4 million metric ton decrease of C and $ 15 billion in energy nest eggs by 2030.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe intent of this investigate is to get it on the best possible illuming engineering that would vouch energy efficiency and aid cut down C emanation from residential and commercial edifices. Probe of the best lighting efficiency engineering would be the important portion of the interrogation and the consequences from it would swear outant or ganize the footing for the following contemporaries of energy efficient engineerings that would be used in places, offices and industries to suffice salvage be, agree occupations and cut down planetary C emanation.The enquiry would therefore ship on casualty out the most cost effectual and energy efficient engineering that can be used in edifices and how CO2 and light pollution can be reduced particularly utilizing following coevals engineerings like the LEDs and substantialness Lighting ( SSLs ) .PRODUCT INNOVATION AND APPLICATIONSIn footings of merchandise invention and its application, the Light breathing rectifying tubes ( LED ) and especially the Solid-State Lighting ( SSL ) would be the advanced merchandises to be developed to keep energy efficiency and cut down C emanations as they are circumscribe to do valued parts over the following 30 old ages. It is estimated that energy nest eggs over the following three decennaries from SSL could make 190TWh which is the one-yea r electrical end product of 24 big power workss which would in bend cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C released in the Earth s ambience. LED illuming systems have proved utile in index applications such as issue marks and traffic signals ascribable to their brightness, visibleness and long-life, while new utilizations implicate small-area lighting, tract and measure marker and are sink to be the lightings for full walls and ceilings in future.The Solid-state lighting ( SSL ) on its portion is progressively used in a assortment of illuming applications because it offers the undermentioned benefitsLong LifeA Light-emitting junction rectifier can supply 50,000 hours or more of life, A which can cut down care cost. In comparing, an incandescent visible radiation bulb lasts about 1,000 hours. animationA SavingsA The best commercial white LED illuming systems provide three times the aglow efficacy ( lumens per W ) of incandescent lighting. Colour LEDs are particularly advantageou s for colored illuming applicationsA becauseA filters are notA needed.Better Quality Light OutputA Light-emitting semiconductor diode have minimum ultraviolet and infrared radiation.Intrinsically Safe LED systems are low electromotive force and by and large cool to the touch.Smaller, flexible visible radiation fixtures The small-minded size of LEDs makes them utile for illuming choky infinites and for making alone applications.DurableA LEDs have no fibril to interrupt and can survive quivers.Beginning & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp & gt .MARKET drug user GROUPS AND PROJECTIONS in that location is a changing market base for merchandises developed utilizing the ethos of illuming energy efficiency strangely the LEDs and SSLs which are the following coevals of illuming efficiency merchandises to hit the market and are expect to great aid cut down C emanations by cut pour down the sum of electrical power generated for place s and concerns. The following meetings of market users are identified hearth users Merchandises from illuming energy efficiency can be used by place proprietors and persons to cut down the sum of electrical power they consume at place through illuming. This they already do through the usage of detectors in their lighting systems that detect human voice, noise or activity in the first place turning on the lighting in topographic points within the place. More merchandises like the LEDs can furthestther be developed to be used in most lighting at place to farther cut down energy ingestions in residential edifices.Business leaders There is the opportunity for concern leaders in different industries to cut down the sum of energy they consume in their offices or industrial topographic points. Lighting energy efficiency can aid cut by every bit much as 30 % in some instances of the energy an industrial works consumes therefore salvaging the company costs and besides seeing to maintai n occupations.Investor This group of stakeholders would wish to cognize the degree of net income available in this sort of labor movement and would be interested when they draw the immense possible inherent in illuming efficiency engineering and would be kindle by the following coevals of engineering in the field such as the LEDs and SSLs.Regulator/Government Government of most industrialised states like the United States are committed to doing consumers and concerns go green and salvage money and costs by cut pour down the energy they consume. They sponsor researches into the increment of new LED lighting engineerings that would advert cut down power coevals from government activity and power manufacturers. Therefore this research been done and merchandises developed from it would assist authorities in sensitising people on new learning or merchandises to assist them travel green and be efficient in their energy ingestion thereby cut downing C emanation and act as a regulat ory tool for sustainable development.PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND SellingThe research labour when completed would see APASI push button COMPANY bound make usage of its result to develop merchandises in quislingism with other research workers, makers, public-service corporation companies that are interested and authorities to invent strategies were the merchandises would be tested to rate their efficiency and therefore ease a wide acceptation of LED engineering across Scotland and so the UK. Besides professionals in concern and interchange would be brought on at a ulterior day of the month to assist panache out marketing schemes to assist pervade place and concern consumers of electrical power to take on the new merchandises so as to cut down their energy ingestions and salvage them costs.ENERGY AND CARBON parsimony PREDICTIONSIn footings of energy and C nest eggs, the efficient usage of illuming in residential and commercial edifices would travel a long mood in guaranting that h appens. susceptibility preservation and efficient usage of lightings would greatly cut down C emanations associated with illuming significantly. At the degree of single families and concerns, preservation and efficiency steps can take down public-service corporation measures, and broader usage of illuming efficiency engineering across the ball club can ensue in babys room gas ( GHG ) emanation decreases and environmental benefits derived from reduced demand for electricity. For illustration Candescent Fluorescent ( CFLs ) use 75 % less energy and LEDs use 75 to 80 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs replacing these merchandises for traditional lighting engineerings, for illustration, can cut down net energy usage.The continued widespread usage of efficient illuming engineerings like the Solid-state lighting engineering would be indispensable for GHG emanation decreases with a 2008 contemplate by the US Department of Energy uncovering that replacing LEDs from thei r current niche utilizations would salvage adequate electricity to be the end product of 27 coal power workss and cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C by 2030. Estimates by planetary market research company McKinsey & A Co. besides note that LED engineering addition such as exchanging from incandescent and CFL bulbs to LEDs by 2030 would supply GHG emanation decreases from lower energy ingestions and besides cost-efficient over the lifetime of the bulbs.Asides from the benefits of illuming efficiency to planetary clime, its other benefits include lower public-service corporation measures to consumers, reduced light pollution and better reading and working conditions.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsReduced Energy Bills The usage of timers and detectors in lightings of edifices can travel a long behavior in cut downing electricity ingestion from its usage and this can ensue in net nest eggs for places and concerns through lower public-service corporation measures. long-lasting Life LEDs supp ly a interminable permanent life when used compared to incandescent bulbs. The LEDs can last for up to 50,000 hours compared to the incandescent 1s that last for 1,000 hours therefore there is a decrease in care costs for concerns and place users.GHG Emission Reductions Using efficient illuming engineerings and energy preservation can ensue in the decrease of C emitted by residential and commercial edifices. The peculiar credenza of SSLs is estimated in the following 30 old ages to be a major engineering in cut downing the sum of electrical power generated from both non-renewable and renewable energy beginnings therefore cut downing the emanation of C into the ambiance.Carbon business When successful developed and deployed across the UK, efficient illuming engineering can assist the Scotland and the whole UK save a batch of C which could hold been emitted into the ambiance. With new planetary programs to set up a planetary C market, that would give the UK tonss of C to be traded i n the C market.FailingsSensors/Lighting Control Detectors are non ever able to observe and fit demands of the residents because they are frequently located far from the country of tenancy particularly in the ceilings and can non needfully estimate illuming demands imminent to the land.Upfront Costss This pose a peculiarly noteworthy barrier, though lighting engineerings and patterns feed for themselves over clip due to their long permanent life-time some of them peculiarly new border engineerings have immense up-front costs that consumers, concerns and local councils may be disinclined to pay. Besides, merchandises like the crisscross solar lighting ( HSL ) has existed for decennaries but cost considerations have therefore far made widespread espousal infeasible.Mercury Use Agnosticism about the quality of CFL bulbs has deterred many clients though makers have been able to turn to such concerns like its hapless reflectors and noisy nature, but concerns are still high amongst c onsumers about the usage of quicksilver in it. CFLs contain a really little sum of quicksilver in each bulb less than 1/100 of the sum in an older thermometer.Carbon Decrease The undertaking looks at how carbon emanation can be reduced through illuming efficiency and due to the fact that C emanation sums to about 11 % from places and about 18 % from commercial edifices come 29 % between the two, efficient illuming engineerings as soon used can non cut down the full planetary GHG emanations.OpportunitiesSSLs The Solid-State Lighting merchandises when to the full researched and deployed have the possible to work out tonss of the jobs associated with light pollution and C emanations from residential and commercial edifices every bit good as salvaging costs. It besides would greatly cut down C emanation into the ambiance by cut downing the sum of electrical power consumed hence in bend cut downing the sum of electrical power needed to be produced.Regulative Tool This research undertak ing would assist regulative organic structures better supply policies and ordinances that would drive concerns and places to go greener and salvage energy. It would besides guarantee that industries emit less C and therefore cut down the sum of pollution traveling into the ambiance.MenacesCompetition There is the possible venture of competition from pit houses once this research undertaking is made public, as they may desire to bring forth such merchandises. Besides there is possible competition from other states in the universe who may desire first mover advantage in bring forthing engineerings like the SSL which is the hereafter of the lighting efficiency engineering industry.Utility Companies Companies which sell public-service corporations like electricity may see the development of the SSL illuming engineering as a menace as it is estimated to cut down electrical energy ingestion in places and concerns amounting to up to the equivalent of 27 power workss in the following 30 o ld ages, therefore they may non be concerted in join forcesing to proving the development of the new merchandises in pilot strategies amongst their consumers to be able to bring forth cultivations on the sum of electrical use the usage of SSL engineering really reduces so as to besides cognize how much C emanation that reduces from the power workss.Payback Time periods The payback period for the usage of illuming engineering besides convert in length and edifice residents may be loath to put in efficient illuming engineerings if they will be resigning the edifices onwards they can harvest the full benefits of these engineerings. commercialise Entry Barrier There is a immense market barrier to new entrants in the lighting efficiency engineering market hence the demand for support. To research and besides make many of the new engineerings in the lighting industry requires costs therefore new entrants find it unverbalized to interrupt into the market or scour have adequate finance ss to transport out research on following coevals of engineerings.THE RESEARCH PROJECT TEAMThe research undertaking squad is a multidisciplinary one which has experts on low energy ingestion engineering, technology, environment scientific discipline and driveion, concern direction and last makers drawn from both Nigeria and the UK. APASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED would be multiform in every phase of the research undertaking from its start through its government activity and coordination until its entry of full research results and study to the patrons ( Carbon Trust ) .The squad would be led by a place of Research and reading Prof. Ryan Harts and other members from the company and other educational organic structures who would supply some degree of proficient support. squad LeaderProf. Ryan Harts Is the Head of Research and Development with APASI Energy Company Limited and a visiting Professor with Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and Imperial College, capital of the United King dom in Energy severally.He brings more than 30years experience in industrial turbo-machinery and refrigeration systems runing from 10,000 TR surface-cooling workss to utility-scale power-generation equipment. Rob has performed energy appraisals covering more than 500 million three-dimensional pess of refrigerate and freezer infinite, including all facets of energy digest on controls, cooling, distribution and operation of these systems. With his great passion for research and development in illuming engineering and energy usage, developing research strengths in illuming efficiency, use and C engineerings. team up MembersProf. Morrison Fischer A alumnus of Bachelor of acquaintance in Materials Science from University of Wisconsin-Madison, Energy applied science from University of Edinburgh, and PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Process Integration and Intensification. He conjugated the company in 1998 as an expert in Sustainability procedure and Process Intensific ation which has aided APASI Energy Company Limited in accomplishing its corporate ends by preparation sustainability and energy decrease schemes, C footmark, and responses to provide string studies.Dr. Franklin Oliver Is the Chief Scientific Officer of APASI Energy Company Limited, He is a pioneer applied scientist in the development of electric propulsion systems since the 1980 s with Tetra Energy Inc. , Oliver brings 28years of wide research and merchandise development background, every bit good as his experience as laminitis and CEO of iCAP engineerings, to APASI Energy Company Limited.Dr. Andrew Wilshire Holds a PhD grade in Physics/ Electrical Engineering from the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen in 1980. He is a profound schoolman and research worker who have create many articles on Waste pee forethought, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution, and magnate Engineering Improvements with his major strength in electrical power industry. Having spent over 35years in the industrial sector he decided to convey his huge cognizance and attending into research in C decrease engineerings and illuming efficiency usage after go toing a fellowship class at the Heriot-Watt University.Dr. Edward English He is a senior lector of Renewable Energy Engineering ( Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh ) . His brings over 20years of Senior Management experience in both the Industrial and Electrical fabrication and distribution markets. earlier to Heriot-Watt University, he has involved in supplying strategic consulting services to makers, distributers and private virtue houses in the supply concatenation markets. labor AdministratorEngr. Ismaila Lawal Engr. Ismaila Lawal is responsible for scheme and organizing range day-to-day operations. He taps his lengthened experience taking and reding growing companies with emerging engineering based services.Work PlanUndertaking CostThis Research undertaking will be conducted on a projectized organisational formation whi ch will cross over 12 calendar months with cost and resources storage allocation as followsRESEARCH TEAM ( AECL )Cost PER month ( ? )ANNUAL apostrophize ( ? )Prof. Ryan Harts1,50018,000Prof. Morrison Fischer1,00012,000Dr. Franklin Oliver1,00012,000Engr. Ismaila Lawal7509,000SUB-TOTAL51,000RESEARCH TEAM ( HW )Cost PER MONTH ( ? )ANNUAL COST ( ? )Dr. Andrew Wilshire1,00012,000Dr. Edward English1,00012,000SUB-TOTAL24,000AssortedAPASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED Overhead CostOffice Support, and so on ?8,000 Consumables ?4,000Heriot-Watt University Overhead CostOverhead for office support ?7,000Capital Equipment computing machines, etc. ?15,000Travel and subsistence costs Meetings, etc. ?14,000 new(prenominal) costs Eventuality cost, etc. ?5,000Fund supplicate ( Total ) ?128,000Section BDelphi StudyAn decision maker would be selected for this portion of the vision which is to fix a Delphi prediction survey for the research undertaking in the first portion of this work. The decision mak er would be me and a questionnaire would be prepared and sent out to a group of experts who would so reply them.Delphi collusive harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is a concern research technique used to find the belike happening of future burdens. It elicits sentiments from little choice group of experts and so tries to construct a consensus on the topic/s handed out to the experts.Questionnaire DesignFor this survey the questionnaire was designed from the background of information on illuming efficiency used in the research undertaking and seven event statements were used in the questionnaire. This was to assist find the result of future engineerings in the lighting efficiency industry.The questionnaire was developed along the prodigy skylines of 2030 ( long term ) and had a five-point likelihood of happening with 1 bespeaking very liable(predicate) to happen and 5 indicating not credibly to happen . Space was besides provided at the terminal of the questionnaire to let respondents to subject open-ended anticipations about of import hereafter events that were non identified.Delphi QuestionnaireQ1 every illuming bulbs around the universe would hold been switched from candent 1s to more efficient types?Very probable in all likelihoodnot certainnot probably potently improbableQ2 Hybrid solar lighting ( HSL ) would hold become executable to utilize in many topographic points?1. Very possible2. promising3. not certain4. non likely5. potently improbableQ3 Would the up-front cost of having an efficient type of illuming e.g. the CFLs have become cheaper for place and commercial users?1. Very likely2. plausibly3. Not certain4. Not likely5. Strongly improbableQ4 LEDs illuming engineering would travel from being used in little countries, marks and contraptions into being used as lightings in places?1. Very likely2. Likely3. Not certain4. Not likely5. Strongly improbableQ5 Can cheaper versions of Solid-State Lightings ( SSLs ) be produced and a dopted for general usage for place and commercial users?1. Very likely2. Likely3. Not certain4. Not likely5. Strongly improbableQ6 What is the likelihood of usage of SSL engineerings in places and offices cut downing C emanation by up to 31 million metric dozenss through decreased electrical coevals by 2030?1. Very likely2. Likely3. Not certain4. Not likely5. Strongly improbableQ7 Is there a likeliness of any other engineering approach out forwards 2030 that would do the SSL engineering obsolete, which at nowadays is the hereafter of illuming engineering?1. Very likely2. Likely3. Not certain4. Not likely5. Strongly improbableAny other remarks aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa exemplification Size/ResponsesFor this Delphi study the sample size to be used to discourse the above questionnaire would be a group of experts numbering 25 drawn from the energy industry peculiarly those with adept wisdom on illuming energy efficiency, other would be from technology, environmental surveies and e difice engineering industry.The decorate of experts to be used in this survey would consist of 10 experts from the energy industry with many of them holding huge cognition in illuming energy efficiency engineering, 7 technology experts, four environmental surveies specializers and four edifice engineering experts particularly those with old cognition in edifice green edifices. In add-on each expert had to be interested in the result of the consequences from the survey either through their sort of work or as necessary information for their ain field of survey. Besides, the panel of experts elect had to be accessible.The Delphi questionnaire would be mailed to the panel of experts with a stamp self-addressed gasbag in it, so that they can direct their responses back for free. Two telephone calls would besides be made to trail up responses. The first call to each of the panelists would be to verify if they have received the questionnaire, a 2nd call would be made to promote questionna ire completion and entry. The responses expected from the survey would be issues like what opinions the experts have on current illuming efficiency engineering like the CFLs, what would be the province of illuming engineering in the hereafter and the likely impact SSL would hold on illuming engineering and C emanation decrease in the hereafter. The hope of making the Delphi survey would be to assist manner out what best illuming efficiency engineering to prosecute in the hereafter. It is hoped that the survey would assist cast visible radiation on the importance of the SSL engineering for the hereafter, whether the HSL engineering can be revamped and made more executable and cost-efficient for mass acceptance and how free it would be for residential and commercial edifices to hold all gone green by 2030 as it is soon expensive to make so now.Delphi Study Importance to prox Technologies The importance of Delphi surveies to future engineerings can non be over-emphasized as it is the fulcrum on which of import determinations are made as to which future engineering to prosecute and which would non be executable to travel after.Delphi as a process harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is used for arousing and polishing sentiments of a group of people normally experts in that field of survey until a consensus is reached and the hereafter of that field accurately forecasted, though it besides allows for dissenting sentiments excessively. It has been carried out on a regular stand in lacquer in the last 40 old ages to calculate the hereafter of engineering in that state which has seen Japan go a universe leader in technological development. It is besides in usage in Korea where both the preliminary and normative attacks are used ( Taeyoung 1998 ) .The Delphi method is typically used in engineering prediction and it is the most suited manner to acquire a clear image of what engineering would be of import to the alliance in the long-run hereafter and besides a manner of utilizing engineering to work out awaited hereafter jobs before they arrive upon us by tapping into the encephalons and experiences of experts in any technological field being forecasted. It is besides of import as it helps technological houses meet with forecasted demand in the hereafter of any engineering they have produced or are in the procedure of researching so that future demand do non out-strip future supply hence Delphi survey is an of import tool for futures engineerings .