Strengths And Weaknesses Of A Good Teacher - 1505 Words

Teachers come in all different shapes and sizes. The way someone shows up in the classroom, as a teacher, is associated with how they show up in their ordinary, everyday life. Which is to say, there are as many different teachers as there are different personalities in the world. Many factors contribute to an effective teacher, including the teaching approach, classroom presence, and capability for creativity. What Is a Good Teacher? Everyone may have their own idea of what a good teacher is, but I think a good teacher is someone who is passionate about helping others learn. I think a teacher is someone who is not only knowledgeable, but also has a strong desire to profess his/her knowledge of a subject to others. Some might even say†¦show more content†¦Another weakness of mine as a teacher is that sometimes it is difficult for me to monitor the students during class. For example, if a student is doodling during the lesson, I am not very skilled in redirecting the student’s attention to the lesson. With this weakness, as with my other weaknesses, I feel that it will improve over time. In other words, as I gain more experience in the classroom, I expect to improve on my weaknesses. Teaching Approaches A teaching approach considers what it takes to teach and learn a language.2 When it comes to teaching approaches, I think they may vary depending on both the lesson and the students’ needs. Overall, however, I think I prefer to use the Affective Humanistic Approach. This approach is based on the principles of respect, communication, interaction, peer support, and a comfortable atmosphere.3 I like this approach because I personally think the learning environment dictates a great of how well the students will do in the classroom. I also think peer support will aid in classroom unity, which may help the students to feel more comfortable with questions and performance. Another approach I like to use is the Cognitive Approach. The Cognitive Approach uses the idea that language is a series of rules best processed through an inductive method.3 I like to use this approach, depending on the level of the students, because I find that it challenges the students butShow MoreRelat edStrengths And Weaknesses Of A Good Teacher1121 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior within your profession. Doing so ensures that you are growing and improving your teaching skills by building on old strengths to benefit you as an instructor, but especially by ensuring improvement in the students that you serve. What is a good teacher? â€Å"What the educator does in teaching is to make it possible for the students to become themselves.† 1A teacher s objective should not be to shape the students as a reflection of that educators image, instead they should see themselvesRead MoreEssay On Strengths And Weaknesses Of A Good Teacher1378 Words   |  6 Pages A good teacher is not defined by a specific personality or style of teaching; rather, a good teacher is defined by her commitment to her students learning. A good teacher is someone who is patient with her students, who creatively and relentlessly finds helpful ways to communicate ideas to students, and who instills confidence in her students by setting them up for success. A good teacher inspires her students to strive for more than they think possible. A good teacher teaches her students howRead MoreSupport Staff and Teachers1033 Words   |  5 Pages1 As a teaching assistant your teacher may involve you in the planning of a lesson, she will tell you what the lesson is about and who they want you to work with. When the teacher is planning the lesson you should have the opportunity to discuss and look at pupils work with the teacher, this is called review. Review is when you can look to see if the work that has been set has been done and if the child has understood what has been asked of them. It would be a good idea to walk around the classroomRead MoreEffective Communication Is Enhanced By Good Communication Skills1322 Words   |  6 Pagestwo or more people with the aim of conveying information. Effective communication is enhanced by good communication skills. Good communication skills are important in all walks of life because it enables people to interact and convey information in an effective manner. For example, a doctor requires good communication skills in order to get the needed information from a patient. Failure to portray good communication skills by the doctor means that the patient will not be in a position to provide theRead MoreEssay on My Personal Philosophy of Education 1490 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Relating my reasons for becoming a teacher was not a very difficult task for me; to accomplish this task I simply needed to reflect upon and describe some of my own personal experiences. I relied basically upon my memories and thoughts about my own educational experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a workingRead MoreStrengths and Weaknesses1033 Words   |  5 Pagessits in class. Maybe I do not like to write because I am not good at it. Maybe I just need to practice more on my writing skills, and   that way I can feel confident about myself. After all, I have never seen someone give up on something they are good at. Despite all these excuses as to why I am not a good writer, I still try and do my best when I am writing an essay. My English 49 portfolio includes essays which show my weaknesses, strengths, and areas of im provement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     First of allRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Experimental Research1459 Words   |  6 Pagesmanipulates the conditions in one group to see if certain activities or materials will change the outcome. The strengths of experimental research are researcher can have control over variables, can be used in many fields of research, there are clear conclusions, research can tailor the experiment to his or her needs easy to determine the causes and effects. The weaknesses of experimental research are there can be human error, the researchers personal bias can intrude, the sample may notRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing in Schools1399 Words   |  6 Pagesstudent achievement and aptitude. However, some standardized test scores have been misused as a manner in which to track students, allocate school funds, and even determine teacher pay. Standardized tests, when used appropriately and for the right reasons, can adequately determine a students present level of strengths and weaknesses and his or her aptitude for certain abilities. There are two basic types of achievement assessments: norm-referenced and criterion referenced. In a norm-referenced testRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of My Generation1192 Words   |  5 PagesStrengths and Weaknesses of My Generation The most common strength of students is technological literacy due to an increase in availability of technology such as laptops and smartphones as well as an increase in online assignments and/or typed assignments. The most common weaknesses of students include critical thinking, time-management, communication, and soft skills. Strategies to improve upon students’ weaknesses include reforming America’s education system by revoking the No Child Left BehindRead MoreEssay on Exploring the Importance and Purpose of School1368 Words   |  6 Pagesafter completing the educational process. In school thorough a good education, students learn how to plan to achieve their goals. They also learn how to think critically and creatively, and improve the other skills they need. By exploring different subjects and fields they recognize their interests and abilities which lead them to achieve success. In schools students are encouraged to overcome their weaknesses through their stre ngths. John Gatto is imprudent when he stated in his article, Against

Invisible Man, Race And Racism - 1822 Words

In the novel Invisible Man, race and racism is a constant issue of equality and inequality. In the 1960s, a black man confronts racism against not only to white folks, but society’s from degradation, but the narrator s experiences in the battle royal and his role in perceived the Brotherhood organization. However, the novel goes more in-depth in a race that makes it hard to find an individual identity. Finding out that the outside context of racism is more imposed into others while the narrator if mostly shocked with the idea of showing off values and knowledge when it came to the college experience that the narrator desire. The overall perception of the narrator skin color and social status conflict with his idea of the true reality that†¦show more content†¦The confidence gave the narrator to stand in front of the white and black communities and dealing with all of the critics he had gotten, but knowing what the future holds for him is speechless and feeling untitle d about himself. As Booker T. Washington words explain that blacks should be more instinct with the white community because of being powerful within the community and traveling around the black community indifferences with values and respect. The narrator travels throughout the world and the shape of the historical complex of race and racism that overtly or unintentionally is racist to whites in a figure of speech. â€Å" His face was a black blank of a face, only his eyes alive--with hate of me and aglow with a feverish terror from what happened to us all† (Ellison pg.24). During the battle royal the narrator was quite nervous due to the all fighting during this event and being able to give a speech in the honor of graduating high school and moving forward to college to gain new experiences. The most important of the figures are the blacks because of their moderation to fight against racism in this era and has taught to be more strong and proud to be the race that is diffe rent and has many aspects towards culture. Racism is no fun and games during this time and now to the present day. It’s kind of sad that racism still goes on today and getting through the harsh time in our historical timeline as American citizens. Knowing our history is very important becauseShow MoreRelatedA Protest Against Racism In Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man1099 Words   |  5 PagesA Protest Against Racism Merriam- Webster’s dictionary defines racism as, â€Å"prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that ones own race is superior† (Merriam-Webster). The story follows a young college age black man (Invisible) in his quest of personal identity. The story follows a young college-age black man (Invisible Man) in his quest of personal identity. The novel exposed the evils of racism that are difficult to eradicateRead MoreThe Role Of Identity In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1236 Words   |  5 Pagesadolescents face. In the novel, Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, Ellison highlighted the struggles the main character, the â€Å"Invisible Man (IM)†, faced when it came to the division between how he distinguished himself and how the people in his life distinguished him. This caused a lack of self-established identity within the Invisible Man and throughout the course of the novel, various factors caused the Invisible Man to rethink his own identity. Ellison made a point about how racism went hand and hand withRead MoreEssay on Racism in Invisible Man838 Words   |  4 PagesRacism is perceived as a very negative aspect of society. When most people think of racism, they see hatred, evil, and ignorance. It has always been around since history has been recorded, and probably before that. There are many different forms of racism, but when one thinks of racism in America, they most certainly think of the struggles that the African-Americans have faced for hundreds of years. American literature has been noted for its sometimes controversial, but outspokenness of issues facedRead MoreRacism In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1573 Words   |  7 PagesRacism has been around for several centuries and it means, Prejudice, discrimination, antagonism, all directed towards someone of a different race, believing that one’s own race is superior over another† (CITATION). Racism goes far back into the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and continues today although it isnt near as bad as it was before the 1900s. Invisible Man, written by Ralph Ellison and published in 1952, uses objects that symbolize the narrator to aid in the explanations of the racialRead MoreEssay on Impact of Rasicm on Idenity in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn society, there are many misconceptions in terms of racism. According to the merriam-webster dictionary, racism is define the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others . Many people would agree with that definition. What is racism? The normal person if asked will simply reply, not liking someone for the color of their skin. Racism from my attitude which is substantiated by historical events is a system of power .ThereforeRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a s tory about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, â€Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreAnalysis Of Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison1665 Words   |  7 PagesRyan LaFleche 2-21-16 Dr. Valkeakari AMS 365 The Complexity of Identity in Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Invisible Man (1952), written by Ralph Ellison, tells the story of a young, college- educated African American man struggling to survive and succeed in a society that is racially divided that refuses to consider him to be a human being. Taking place in the late 1920s and early 1930s, this novel describes the extraordinary journey of an unnamed African AmericanRead MoreIdenity Affected by Racism Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pages In society there is a lot of misconception of the term racism. According to the merriam-webster dictionary members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of others race which many people would agree with. What is racism? The normal person if asked will simply reply, not liking someone for their color of their skin. Racism from my attitude which is substantiated by historically events is a system of power .Thus is a system of power i.e. to control the world and its people. EmployedRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is t o determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreThe Black Imagination By Bell Hooks961 Words   |  4 Pagescolonialism and racism actively coerce black folks to internalize negative perceptions of blackness, to be self-hating, and many of us succumb, blacks who imitate white (adopting their values, speech, habit of being, etc.) continue to regard whiteness with suspicion, fear and even hatred† (hooks, 49). Her article argues that although blacks affiliate themselves with the bad, they still lack the ability to accept white as the good. She also mentions the fact that when a white man visits a black town

Neoliberalism and the Bhutanese Educational Context

Question: Discuss about the Neoliberalism and the Bhutanese Education. Answer: Globalization seems to have reshaped how people live, consume, work, and interact but failed to influence what people learn. In the last decades, many public institutions including education have shifted ideologically and structurally due to the globalization pressure. As the international economic integration becoming a reality through the liberation of finance, investment, and trade, public education systems are slowly responding to this demand by embracing neoliberal educational reforms. Based on the findings of Harvey (2005), neoliberal education policies have illustrated the significance of marketization and privatization of social goods like the school systems. Given the current neoliberalism frameworks, processes, and assumptions, it becomes difficult to enforce the ideologies of the neoliberalism in classroom practices. Since the neoliberalism advocates for the free market economy, Lingard (2010) has affirmed that the consumers of the education systems are allowed to choose the system that offers quality. In the Bhutanese educational context, the government has provided competitive grants for learning institutions depending on the innovative proposals that focus on school improvement projects instead of the school project outcomes. Lincove (2009) affirms that the Bhutanese government believes that this model allows it to reward schools that are motivated to improve quality (p. 64). In Bhutan, the private schools like Doctor Tobgyel have performed better than the public institutions; the government has realized the need to privatize its public schools to benefit the consumers. By adopting a liberalized education system, focus on the student marks and performance of the educator. This should instil collaboration and team building instead of invest on competitiveness alone as stated by Clark (2013). Th erefore, the Bhutanese government should conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the liberalized education system before adopting it. References Clark, M. (2013). Comenius Dreaming. Educators Voice. Retrieved from https://educatorvoices.wordpress.com/2013/05/22/what-have-schools-got-todo-with-neo-liberalism/ Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lincove, J.A. (2009). Are Markets Good for Girls? The World Bank and Neoliberal Education Reforms in Developing Countries. The Whitehead of Diplomacy and International Relations, Winter/Spring, 49-75. Retrieved from https://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/files/archives/06%20Lincove.pdf Lingard, B. (2010, may 5). Policy Borrowing, Policy Learning Testing Times in Australian Schooling. Critical studies in

On August 5, Jatrek Hewitt, 17, Was Shot And Killed By A NJ Police Off

On August 5, Jatrek Hewitt, 17, was shot and killed by a NJ police officer for allegedly trying to rob him. The police officer was never charged with anything even though it is illegal for NJ police officers to carry their weapons in New York. On Monday, August 9, Robert Striker, 54, was killed for allegedly trying to rob a bank. Police officers shot more than 30 bullets, in one of the busiest areas in downtown Manhattan while trying to apprehend Mr.Striker, even though he had already thrown away his gun, and the NYPD's own tests showed that he had never fired a gun! Is all the violence in America corrupting everyone who stands for what is right and wrong. When will the national government acknowledge something is wrong. Will violence finally take its tollon everyone and all civilians will snap and make a move for what is right? The answers lie within us all. Bibliography Pierre La Thome Violence and the American Public. www.Trans.net/hyperindex/media/violence

Solicitar visa de turista a EE.UU. desde otro país

Solicitar visa de turista a EE.UU. desde otro paà ­s Si se desea  solicitar una visa de turista (paseo o placer) para los Estados Unidos en un paà ­s que no es el de residencia habitual se deben seguir una serie de reglas porque no siempre es posible. Esta  solicitud se conoce en inglà ©s como peticià ³n de Third Country Nationals o TCNs, por sus siglas en inglà ©s.   Cundo no se puede solicitar visa de turista en Mà ©xico, Canad o Bahamas Puede ocurrir que una persona extranjera se encuentre de visita en Mà ©xico, Canad o Bahamas y, debido a su proximidad, desee ingresar tambià ©n a EE.UU. y, si no tiene visa de turista, considere en pedirla en ese momento. Segà ºn las normas actuales, en los siguientes dos casos no pueden solicitar visa de turista para Estados Unidos en Mà ©xico, Canad o Bahamas las personas que no son  ciudadanas o residentes habituales de esos distritos cuando: En primer lugar, los solicitantes hubieran estado ilegalmente en algà ºn momento en los Estados Unidos. El caso ms frecuente es el de los extranjeros que no salieron dentro del plazo permitido provocando lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como overstay de la visa. Estas personas obligatoriamente deben solicitar la nueva visa en un consulado de los Estados Unidos en el paà ­s del que son nacionales o en el que residen habitualmente. En segundo lugar, todos los ciudadanos de los paà ­ses que Estados Unidos clasifica oficialmente como patrocinadores de terrorismo. En la actualidad, los paà ­ses incluidos en dicha lista son Corea del Norte, Irn, Sudn y Siria. Adems, debe tenerse en cuenta que en los casos en los que sà ­ se puede solicitar la visa es habitual que los consulados estadounidenses que se encuentran ubicados en las ciudades fronterizas de Mà ©xico con Estados Unidos y de Canad con EE.UU. no procesen, como regla general, las visas de turista para extranjeros que no son ni ciudadanos mexicanos ni residentes en ese paà ­s. Asimismo, dichos consulados ubicados a lo largo de la frontera tampoco tramitan habitualmente ninguna visa E si el solicitante no reside habitualmente en esa rea.  Hay diversos tipos de visas E, desde inmigrantes o las no inmigrantes de inversià ³n.   En los dems casos, se puede solicitar una visa de turista para Estados Unidos en cualquier embajada o consulado. En el caso de haber estado previamente como ilegal en Estados Unidos o de haber violado las condiciones de la visa, asegurarse primero de que es posible hacerlo en el consulado de eleccià ³n. Sin embargo,el que pueda solicitarse la visa en otro consulado no quiere decir que sea recomendable. Hay que evitar dar la impresià ³n de que se est buscando y comparando para decidirse por el consulado que podrà ­a juzgarse como ms permisivo a la hora de aprobar una visa. Esta prctica es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s con el nombre de consulate shopping. Adems, por motivos prcticos puede ser ms difà ­cil en estos casos de solicitudes presentadas fuera del paà ­s de residencia habitual acreditar lazos familiares y econà ³micos fuertes en el paà ­s en el que se reside, que es un requisito fundamental para sacar la visa de turista. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que aunque sà ­ que es cierto que los porcentajes de aprobacià ³n de la visa son diferentes por paà ­ses, no menos cierto es que la ley migratoria es la misma y se aplica por igual en todos los consulados de EE.UU. Cundo no es necesaria la visa de turista Los ciudadanos de 38 paà ­ses estn dispensados de solicitar la visa de turista si desean ingresar a Estados Unidos por un mximo de 90 dà ­as.   Este privilegio tambià ©n aplica, con carcter general, a las personas con doble nacionalidad y que tienen uno de esos pasaportes, aunque residan habitualmente en un paà ­s que sà ­ necesita visa.   Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que lo que no se puede hacer es intentar utilizar uno de esos pasaportes que no requieren visa, como por ejemplo el italiano, el espaà ±ol o el chileno, cuando ya se ha tenido previamente una negacià ³n de visa con el otro pasaporte, como por ejemplo el argentino, el venezolano, etc. Puntos Clave: solicitar visa turista para EE.UU. desde paà ­s en el que no se reside habitualmente Las peticiones de una visa de turista para EE.UU. en un paà ­s diferente al de residencia habitual o al de la propia nacionalidad siguen unas reglas que se conocen como Third Country Nationals.Estas son las reglas que aplican a Mà ©xico, Canad y Bahamas paà ­ses que, por su proximidad geogrfica a los Estados Unidos, son de interà ©s para los potenciales solicitantes de visa.No pueden solicitar visa de turista en Mà ©xico, Canad o Bahamas los ciudadanos de terceros paà ­ses que previamente han estado en EE.UU. en situacià ³n de ilegalidad o que violaron las condiciones de sus visas.Tampoco pueden solicitarlas ls personas con pasaportes de paà ­ses declarados como patrocinadores de terrorismo: Irn, Corea del Norte, Siria y Sudn.Aà ºn en los casos en los que se puede solicitar la visa de turista, los consulados americanos a lo largo de la frontera entre Mà ©xico y EE.UU. y Canad y EE.UU. solamente tramitan las solicitudes de los residentes en su distrito.Aà ºn en los casos en los que est permitido sin ninguna restriccià ³n pedir la visa de turista en otro paà ­s, por ejemplo, un argentino en Colombia, debe evitarse dar la impresià ³n de estar haciendo lo que se conoce como consulate shopping.Los requisitos para obtener la visa americana son los mismos en todos los consulados y embajadas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Latinos in Entertainment & The Portrayal of a Culture essays

Latinos in Entertainment & The Portrayal of a Culture essays Today, more than ever, mass media communications play a vital role in informing the daily decisions that shape our lives. Similarly, opinion polls and images that are broadcast persistently over the airways increasingly influence the public policies and programs that govern our nation. The entertainment industry is a closed industry with few opportunities to gain access. Many who manage an entrance do so by taking internships at studios, networks and production companies, etc. These opportunities are given to young adults known to persons already within the industry usually to their acquaintances, family and friends. Since there are few Latinos in the industry, the opportunities given to them are rare. When viewing the images seen on the screen, people write about what they know. Since there is only a sprinkling of Latino writers being produced, the Latino image with a Latino perspective is rarely seen. Instead what you see is non-Latinos' ideas of what a Latino is. Often this im age comes from the negative stereotypes writers have seen in film and TV, or the news, or from Latinos they know, most of whom are their waiters, maids, gardeners or nannies. As Latinos are the largest and fastest growing minority in our nation, they represent a significant proportion of the viewership of these media outlets. Correspondingly, their self-perceptions and interactions with the media should play an important role in determining how the media are governed and how Latinos can demand accountability from those who regulate them. There are to be definite distinctions in how Latinos are portrayed or even publicized in our U.S. media. When we look at America today many may coin the term Hyphenated America: land of Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans, German-Americans, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. The hyphenated identity has deep roots in American racial and ethnic history. This is the context in which Latinos must be conside...

CASE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CASE 3 - Essay Example During the hiring process, it is pivotal to identify the skills required to fill the position and neglect favoritism in hiring method. It is right for George to report against unethical and favoritism activity (Arnold, Arnold & Venessa, 2010). It is pivotal for George to report against the matter to the authority who can take necessary steps to provide credible solution and nullify the issue. Report submitted by George must provide necessary action against the supervisor. The recruitment and selection procedure must be consistent and fair. The recruitment process must be legally defensible and it can be ensured by developing proper person specification and job description to provide the description of the role of the employees required. This orders as to be supported by every hierarchy level, managers and supervisors (Anonymous, 2011). Every employee wants to be ensured fairness and this can be created by consistency of administration. This can help to create fair recruitment process that can help employee like George to feel part of hospital. The nursing supervisor of George has already filled position despite of having experienced nurse like George. This is sense of favoritism can strain the morale of workplace environment. Many of supervisors tend to show favoritism by gender and sexual orientation and even they do not recognize the negative impact of favoritism (Calvasnia, Calvasnia & Calvasnia, 2008). In-depth training and guidance must be recommended to supervisors to diminish the rate of favoritism in hospital. There must be transparency on any workplace and supervisor must be transparent to take any necessary step for the benefit of organization. The concern of George on fear of termination or retaliation can be negotiated in certain steps. Firstly, George must analyze the reason behind the favoritism. Secondly, talk to other colleagues regarding the issue. Then report to

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - Research Paper Example Most common form of congenital heart diseases is defects in septation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, stenotic valvular lesions or coronary artery abnormalities (Schoen and Mitchell, 2009). Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital defects occurring in the human heart.   Ã‚  Defect at the level of ventricle i.e. inter ventricular septum is called ventricular septal defect (VSD). It occurs in 1 of every 500 live births. The main pathology in a septal defect is that left ventricular pressure is higher than the right ventricular pressure resulting in blood flowing from left to right and pulmonary blood flow increases. Clinically ventricular septal defects can be divided into small, medium and large. A small VSD is asymptomatic, a medium VSD presents with fatigue, cardiac enlargement and audible apex beat, whereas, a large VSD presents with pulmonary hypertension (Kumar and Clark, 2009). Hemodynamics  is an important part of the cardiovascular system as it deals with the  forces  that pump the heart. Hemodynamics in an individual with congenital malformation is affected due to the defect. The factors affecting the hemodynamics of a ventricular septal defect are the size of the ventricular defect, pressure changes in right and left ventricular chambers and the pulmonary resistance. A ventricular septal defect may not be evident at the birth of a child because the pressure in the right and left ventricles is equal and there is no shunting. As the pressure between the two ventricles starts to change, shunting also correspond and the ventricular defect becomes clinically evident. These changes do not apply to a patient of Down syndrome in which pulmonary resistance changes do not lead to signs of VSD. In VSD the shunt volume is linked to the size of the defect in the ventricle and the pulmonary vascular resistance. If the ventricular defect is not accompanied by

Stress Levels among College Students Essay Example for Free

Stress Levels among College Students Essay Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the differing stress levels of college students while looking at their year in college and whether or not they are a member of an athletics team. This study utilized a consent form, a demographic form, a survey to determine the stress level of the participant, and a debriefing form for each of the participants. The results of this study showed that only the athletic status of the participant had an impact on the stress level of the participant. The students who were athletes had higher stress levels than those students who were non-athletes. However, it turned out that the year in college had no impact on the stress of the participant. Stress Levels among College Students Stress is defined as â€Å"a mentally or emotionally disruptive or upsetting condition occurring in response to adverse external influences and capable of affecting physical health, usually characterized by increased heart rate, rise in blood pressure, muscular tension, irritability, and depression† (McCleod). Stress and anxiety are the top reported impediments to academic performance in college students, both in the undergraduate and graduate levels. Between 2010 and 2014, the level of students reporting stress as an issue rose from 25 to 31%, while anxiety rose from 17 to 22%. (Miller). While having some stress is a normal occurrence, having too much stress can have negative side effects. Some of these side effects include excessive anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, weight gain, and impairment with memory and concentration (Chronic stress puts your health at risk). One of the most stressful times in a young adult’s life is the transition into college. But for some students, life after that initial transition only becomes more stressful. Some of those students are the students who are members of their school’s athletics teams. In the past, many researchers had agreed that participating in athletics could serve as an outlet for people to relieve stress from their lives. However, recently some research has indicated that playing sports can actually result in an increase in the amount of stress in a person’s life. For example, a recent study found that nearly 50% of male athletes and a little more than 50% of female athletes indicated that â€Å"stresses associated with sport participation, such as pressure to win, excessive anxiety, frustration conflict, irritation and fear significantly affected their mental and emotional health† (Wilson). One of the biggest obstacles that student athletes report as the cause of their stress is time related factors. In other words, they felt that there was not enough time to fully complete their academic and athletic duties to the best of their abilities. This is natural, since student athletes are balancing higher level education with higher level athletics, and are bound to show some strain when compared to their peers. Another issue that arises from being a student athlete is the issue of burnout. It has been shown that it takes 10 years or 10,000 hours of practice to create a talent in any field, and this pertains in particular to athletics. Given this incredible time commitment to one’s practice, it is common for athletes to suffer from what is referred to as burnout. Burnout can be defined as â€Å"physical, social, and emotional withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable activity as a result of chronic stress and motivation concerns that is typically characterized by feelings of emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and depersonalization/devaluation† (Gould). So, for athletes, another side effect of excessive stress is burnout. As with the amount of stress in athletes lives, the rate of burnout has also been increasing in the past few years. In a study done in 2007, it was found that nearly 10% of athletes tested had symptoms of high-level burnout. The researchers hypothesized that the number would actually be higher since they did not look at what they called â€Å"senior elite athletes†, meaning professional athletes and high level college athletes. They also suggested that this burnout rate could be lowered if athletes went through stress management programs to lower the amount of stress that they  had to cope with on a daily basis. (Gould). Lastly, one study looked at the relationship between athletic participation and academic performance. Over a four year period, the researchers conducted an observational study of a college basketball program in the mid-south-central part of the United States. At the beginning of their college career, the athletes were excited about the prospect of putting athletics and academics together to create opportunities for themselves in the future. One of the freshmen that was interviewed said, â€Å"If I can use my basketball ability to open the door to get an education, hopefully I can use my degree to open up the door to get a good job† (6). However, as time went on and the stress of being a student athlete increased, the views of the basketball players changed. One of the upperclassmen on the team stated, â€Å"If I was a student like most other students I could do well, but when you play the caliber of ball we do, you just can’t be an above-average student. What I strive for now is to be an average student. My best GPA was 2.75. You just don’t find the time to do all the reading† (Adler). This just reinforces the idea that the student athletes are under the stress that they are mainly due to the huge time commitment that comes with being a higher level athlete. All of these studies and articles on how student athletes are prone to burnout and stress and have increased time commitments led to the hypothesis that the student athletes in college will be more stressed than the non-student athletes in college. Methods Participants There were a total of 40 participants used in this study; 62.5% were female and 37.5% were male. The age range was 18 to 22, with the average age of the participants being 20. Measures For this study, we utilized a consent form, a demographic form, a survey to determine the stress level of the participant, and a debriefing form for each of the participants. Procedure Each participant received a consent form after they confirmed that they are an Iona College student. The participants were then asked to read the  consent form along with the experimenter, allowed to ask any questions that they might have had and then asked to sign the consent form. Once they signed the consent form, the participants were given a survey to determine the level of stress that they had in their life at that time. Next, they filled out a demographic form that asked them for their year in college. Once both the survey and the demographic form were filled out, the participants were thanked for their time and given the debriefing form for the study. Results A 22 analysis of variance was in order to determine the effect of athletic status on stress level. The results indicated that there was a significant main effect of athletic status of the participant on the stress level of the participant, F (1, 36) = 13.99, p=.00. As illustrated in Figure 1, the students who were athletes (M=11.23, SE=0.91) scored higher on the stress test than those students who were non-athletes (M=6.31, SE=0.95). A 22 analysis of variance was also conducted to determine the effect of year in school on stress level. The results indicated that there was not a significant main effect of participant’s year in school on the stress level of the participant, F (1, 36) = 0.43, p= .52. Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine whether the athletic status and the school year of a participant have an impact on their stress level. Our hypothesis was that the upperclassmen who are athletes will have the largest amount of stress, while the underclassmen who are not athletes will have the lowest level of stress. This hypothesis was supported, but only to a certain extent. While the factor of school year did not have an effect on the stress level of the participants, the factor of athletic status did. Just as we predicted, the participants who were athletes reported having more stress than the participants who were non-athletes. When the stress levels were looked at across the different years in school, there was not a significant difference between the underclassmen and the upperclassmen. These results are supported by the findings of the study done by Quinton McCleod, who had 30 athletes and 30 non-athletes complete a questionnaire about the time that they spend studying, their GPA, and whether or not they consider themselves to be stressed and what types of stress they were under. He found that the athletes had a significantly lower GPA, spent less time studying outside of the classroom, and had more stressors in their lives than the non-athletes. The athletes said that they were losing motivation to go to class and that caused them to turn in poor work, and that this was due to the fact that they did not have an adequate amount of time to spend on all of the schoolwork that they had to complete, in addition to the amount of time that they had to designate for their sport (McCleod). If the sample size had been larger and included a wider gender range, the grade level of the participants may have had a more significant impact on the results. Also if the participants had been randomly selected instead of convenience sampled the results may have been more similar to what was originally hypothesized in regard to the year in school playing a part in the stress of the participant. References Adler, P., Adler, P. (1985). From Idealism to Pragmatic Detachment: The Academic Performance of College Athletes. Sociology of Education, 58, 241-250 Chronic stress puts your health at risk. (2013). http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037 Gould, D., Whitley, M. (2009). Sources and Consequences of Athletic Burnout among College Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sports, 2, 16-30 McCleod, Q. (2015) Stress Levels among Student Athletes and Non Student Athletes. Elon University Miller, J. (2014, December 3). Students see rise in stress levels, studies indicate. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://www.michigandaily.com/news/stress-college-feature Wilson, G., Pritchard, M. (2005). Comparing Sources of Stress in College Student Athletes and Non-Athletes. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 7

Human Trafficking: Modern-Day Slavery Essays -- Sex Trafficking, 2015

Slavery is a modern, pervasive problem. Human trafficking has been found in every state in America (humantrafficking.org). It seems that most Americans likely live within a comfortable drive of someone who is being exploited through human trafficking. There is a growing trend in human trafficking toward sexual exploitation (Bennetts, 2011). The Information Age has helped to create new opportunities for sex trafficking to flourish. Information drives many modern experiences. A wealth of information, on seemingly any topic, is at the fingertips of any person with Internet access. Society has grown accustomed to real-time solutions, instant gratification, and anonymity. New technologies tempt the depth of human curiosity, sometimes resulting in opaque consumer markets that bear heavy human costs. One such market is that of sex trafficking. I will demonstrate how this issue is not being treated with the appropriate seriousness, how sex trafficking results in egregious violations of human rights and losses of human autonomy. The Internet plays a key role in sex trafficking, and we, behind our computers and in our communities can play vital roles in stemming the tide of sex trafficking. While the American government’s current response to combat sex trafficking has been more robust of late, it is imperative that results follow from these improved efforts. Sex -trafficking, defined by the U.S. Department of State’s Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, is, â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act† (TVPA, 2000). Many sex trafficking victims are transported and concealed in establishments that offer legal sex acts, like strip clubs, pornography production, escort services, and so on. Traffickers buy and run legitimate businesses, like massage parlors, modeling studios, and adult book stores, in order to conceal and harbor victims with the goal of selling them (humantrafficking.org). Sex trafficking is not hidden behind closed doors, but is disguised as a regular business for anyone who is interested. Sex-trafficking victims are diverse: U.S. citizens, foreign nationals, women, men and children all make sex slaves (U.S. Department of State PITF). Victims are trafficked in three ways: within their countries of origin, from country-to-country, and to destinat... ... "Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress." Trends in Organized Crime 14.2-3 (2011): 267-71. Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. . Stutler, Ana. "The Connections Between Pornography and Sex Trafficking." Covenant Eyes. 7 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. pornography-and-sex-trafficking/>. U.S. Department of State. The President’s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Rep. Apr. 2014. Web. Oct. 2014. . United States. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. . "Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 28 Oct. 2000. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. .

Solar charger

As an experienced company specializing in designing, engineering, manufacturing and selling various kinds of products, such as accessories of computer and mobile phone, fashionable electronic product, electric gifts, novelty lights & lighting, promotional gifts & crafts and other various kinds of promotional items.Slinya owns not only the advanced production equipments and strong development strength, but also a group of technicians and veteran workers with rich skill and good rainings which are the backbone of the fast and convenient delivery and best service for customers. Customer's satisfication has always been main goal, Slinya has an professional quality team and many precision testing equipments to ensure that all products have the best quality control.They also have gotten the official certificates of IS09001 : 2000 ; IS014001 : 2004 from third party organization, and all products are internationally recognized with RoHS compliance. Slinya Group always hold on to technology c reation and marketing development, continuously promote our competition, and do the best to satisfy market's equirements with company's flexibility, so as to provide best service and best products to their customers. The products have been distributed and exported to many countries all around the world, such as the United States, Europe, South Asia, Middle East and other areas.They have won the high reputation and long term cooperation from customer both at home and overseas. Products and Services 10000mAh Power Bank Portable Solar Charger Rechargeable Solar Battery Product Features: product price RM105 per 1; 200 Pieces RM60 This product is a multi-function solar emergency charger. Meet an emergency: When you go to outside or power cuts, you also can use your mobile phone with solar energy. Convenience: Whenever and wherever you are, you can charge your mobile phone in time, and you could talk with others when charging.Environment protect, save resource: You can use solar energy to charge your mobile phone wherever and whenever. Exquisite workmanship, high-capacity Solar efficient charging Multi – voltage mode, extensive support for laptop and mobile digital devices Multiple intelligent security protection: over current, overvoltage, overload and short circuit rotection LED remaining power smart tips Capacity Input: DC 1 . OA (max) output: DC 5. OV 2. 1A (max) Solar panel: 1. W The battery indicator: 4-LED indicate (charging, full of bright blue light) Connectors for mobile phone: for iPhone 5, for iPhone, Micro USB adaptor, for Mini USB, For Nokia N70 Size: 132 x 14t-nrn weight: 226g Color: Black, Silvery, Hot Pink, Blue Package Included: 1 x 10000mAh Solar Battery Charger lx Charger Cable Charger Adapters lx Retail Package Shenzhen LETSOLAR Technology Co. , Ltd Shenzhen LETSOLAR Technology Co. , Ltd was established in 2005, the headquarter nd R;D department is located in Nanshan, Shenzhen city.We integrate research, development ; manufacture and spec ialize in solar charger as well as portable charger field. With strong R;D capacity, LETSOLAR not only continuously improve main products solar charger ; portable charger, but also develop solar lighting system, solar pack, solar torch, solar DIY kit, etc. They emphasize on products R;D and build a 7 people R;D team of electronic, structure, shape. All the products have China appearance patent. LETSOLAR also pay attention to products environmental property. All the products re under CE ; RoHS certificate and correspond with EIJ REACH regulations.Also some products are USA FCC approved. In 2012, LETSOLAR has moved to a new manufacturing base, the building area is more than 2,500 square meters. New factory including mold-tooling design, product development, plastic injection and manufacture process. In this way it will improve our R;D, manufacture and quality control capacity, and they can give you quick response and better service. Products ; Services Tiger senes Of LETSOLAR Big powe r solar Charger 6000mAh Product Detail Product Price RM 170 per 1 Brand name: Letsolar Type: Solar output: 5V/2. A ; 5V/1A Solar Panel: high efficiency solar panel Power display: LCD Place of Origin: Guangdong. China Input: 5V/1A Weight' 195g Use; Charger for all phones Battery: Li-Polymer Capacity: 6000mAh output port: 2 USB & Micro USB Size: 92mm x 152mm x 20mm Packaging & Delivery Packaging Detail: neutral package Delivery detail: 15 – 20 days after reiceve the paymenbt Specification 6000mAh Li-polymer battery, can charge iPhone 300% High efficiency solar panel Three output Inbuilt cable Self-charging time: 12 hours by laptop, 7 hours by 5WIA travel charger NingboYinzhou Guanya Optoelectronics Co. , Ltd. Ningbo Yinzhou Guanya Optoelectronics Co. , Ltd company was established on 2008, its professional in exporting solar products and portable chargers, aiming at global market. their goal is to supply green products to our customers with good quality and prices. The products include solar charger, foldable solar charger set, solar LED flashlight, solar keychain, outdoor solar light, portable charger, phone charger, power bank and so on.They are widely used in daily life, camping, travel, exploration, searching and for emergency use. They strictly execute IS09001 :2000 production standard to meet customer requirements. Most of the products are certified by CE, RoHS and EN-71. Our engineers could customize personalized design and packing to ensure their customers acquire the competitive products. They could also offer customers with OEM service to fit the distribution.Since 2012, we have issued a very important plan for opening oversea markets. We can supply DIA 30-120 DAYS services for our good customer to open their local market. We believe that in this way we can grow up together in the future.

Pfizer Essay

Pfizer has new technology that helps to access the system easily. They have a smart card consisting of proximity device so that as a person walks near a computer, there is a signal emitted by smart card which verifies you. There is use of pin number so that no one can use another persons card and pin number is used in other parts of the company such as making charges at cafeteria and accessing the building physically. When Pfizer is deploying information system, they take their time to cooperate with people who do business in order to know the risks involved in storing and transferring information. They do not under protect information or overprotect it. Business can be impeded by overprotecting information which can make security be thrown out. They partner with information technology and business in order to protect business, offer quality products and services and make profit. (Betancourt, 2002 pp19-21). Describing policies and measures used by Pfizer to ensure confidentiality, availability and reliability of data and information Confidentiality of data is ensured through a system that employs cryptography such as public key and symmetric key in order to encrypt and decrypt information and data. There is an entity that reads sensitive information and data and the key represents a secret property. To ensure availability of data and information Pfizer has prescription coverage to ensure access to its medicines that are new and widely prescribed. Through number 866 706 2400, there are live operators to guide patients according to their needs and the programs for public assistance according to medical needs and income. The reported outcome of patient’s measures determines how treatment of a disease affects patients. To ensure there are results that are useful clinically data gathered must use reliable cognitive psychology, clinician and patient input. This is done by determining the purpose of patient reported outcome in order to demonstrate its reliability. (Nurss, 1998 pp11-12). How Pfizer organization protect loss of data In order to avoid loss of data, Pfizer protects privacy of information collected from external organizations through online opportunity process of submission which supplements privacy policy of Pfizer which can also apply to personal data and identifiable information. For Pfizer to ensure personal data is secure, it uses data customary that protects electronic and manual processing. Security technology in online opportunity ensures securities that avoid loss of data, misuse of data, unauthorized disclosure, destruction and alteration of data. Steps taken to ensure data remain accessible in event of catastrophic event such as fire and other natural disaster Actions are taken to lower exposure to risk arising from hazard to safeguard development efforts. Developing systems for early warning helps in reducing risks and having capabilities to respond to catastrophic events. Disaster recovery is used in recovering information in event of catastrophe. Disaster recovery planning is devoted to prepare for action to respond to catastrophic event. Assessment in disaster recovery is simulating catastrophic event and planning for disaster recovery in order to have recovery need that are specified. Plan for disaster recovery state duration the recovery should take and the state of data expected by the users and management need to be informed all the time of these specifications which are substantiate by recovery assessment. Things I think Pfizer could do to further enhance information security  There should be enough circulating space inside the organization so that staff can move around freely without use of lifts. Employees should avoid calling their colleagues using phones but instead use face to face communication about information concerning the organization and cellular office space should help to make communication easy. Government should take action to develop mechanisms for sharing information with private sector by engaging private sector actively in determining requirement of information and having a partnership that is based on trust. ( Parker, 1996 pp21-23).

The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean

The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the worlds five oceans with an area of 5,427,000 square miles (14,056,000 sq km). It has an average depth of 3,953 feet (1,205 m) and its deepest point is the Fram Basin at -15,305 feet (-4,665 m). The Arctic Ocean is between Europe, Asia and North America. In addition, most of its waters of the Arctic Ocean are north of the Arctic Circle. The Geographic North Pole is at the center of the Arctic Ocean. While the South Pole is on a land mass the North Pole is not but the area that it inhabits is usually made up of ice. Throughout most of the year, much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting polar icepack that is an average of ten feet (three meters) thick. This icepack normally melts during the summer months, which is being extended due to climate change. Is the Arctic Ocean an Ocean or a Sea? Due to its size, many oceanographers do not consider the Arctic Ocean to be an ocean at all. Instead, some think it is a Mediterranean sea, which is a sea that is a mostly enclosed by land. Others believe it to be an estuary, a partially enclosed coastal body of water, of the Atlantic Ocean. These theories are not widely  held. The International Hydrographic Organization does consider the Arctic to be one of the worlds seven Oceans. While they are located in Monaco, the IHO is an intergovernmental organization representing hydrography, the science of measuring the ocean. Does The Arctic Ocean have Seas? Yes, even though its the smallest ocean the Arctic does have its own seas. The Arctic Ocean is similar to the worlds other oceans because it shares borders with both continents and marginal seas which are also known as mediterranean seas. The Arctic Ocean shares borders with five marginal seas. The following is a list of those seas arranged by area. The Arctic Seas Barents Sea, Area: 542,473 square miles (1,405,000 sq km)Kara Sea, Area: 339,770 square miles (880,000 sq km)Laptev Sea, Area: 276,000 square miles (714,837 sq km)Chukchi Sea, Area: 224,711 square miles (582,000 sq km)Beaufort Sea, Area: 183,784 square miles (476,000 sq km)Wandel Sea, Area: 22,007 square miles (57,000 sq km)Lincon Sea, Area: Unknown Exploring The Arctic Ocean Recent developments in technology are allowing scientist to study the depths of the Arctic Ocean in brand new ways. This study is important to help scientist study the catastrophic effects of climate change to the area. Mapping the Arctic Ocean  floor could even lead to new discoveries like trenches or sandbars. They may also discover new species of lifeforms found only at the top of the world. It is truly an exciting time to be an oceanographer or a hydrographer. Scientists  are able to explore this treacherous frozen part of the world in depth for the first time in human history. How exciting!

Multiple Points of Exclamation!!!

Multiple Points of Exclamation!!! Multiple Points of Exclamation!!! Multiple Points of Exclamation!!! By Michael If you want to strongly emphasize a sentence, either because its emphatic or humorous, you may sparingly use a exclamation point. But use it sparingly! Its supposed to express strong emotion. Dont use more than one at the end of a sentence, unless youre a strongly-emotional fourteen-year-old girl writing on MySpace. Much better: use exclamation points no more than once per page. Like the boy who cried Wolf so often that nobody believed him when he saw a real wolf, you dont want to become known as the writer who cried Exclamation when there wasnt really anything worth exclaiming about. If the exclamation is part of a quotation, put the exclamation point inside the quotes. So, if it represents your strong emotion, put the exclamation point outside the quotation marks. If youre quoting someone else with strong emotions, put the exclamation point inside the quotes. For example: I cant believe that you used multiple exclamation points when you wrote, Whatever!!, especially at your age, Grandmother! The same can be said about interrogation marks. One is enough, even if you are really curious about what you are asking. Maeve Maddox once wrote a post here recommending writers to let the word do the work. Well, they should also let the punctuation mark do the work! No multiple exclamation or interrogation marks, please. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireOne Fell Swoop30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Comparative study of two large corporates Essay

Comparative study of two large corporates - Essay Example ciples which trigger corporate finance are the dividend, financing, and investment principles, as well as the goal of company value maximisation which form the main part of the corporate financial hypothesis (Sundaram and Andrew 350-363). Most of the companies are hold by the shareholders and inside the companies are managers, whose primary goal is to increase the wealth of shareholder and also to foster the progress of the share value. Therefore, the objective of company or the financial management is to constantly strive to increase the wealth of shareholder through dynamic and productive efficiency (Alpaslan 41-50). Another goal of financial management is to benefit the society because consumer and employees are part of the society (Ehrhardt and Brigham 10-11). It is the biggest aerospace company of the world and the top manufacturer of military aircraft and commercial jetliners combined. Boeing Company manufactures and designs rotocraft, missiles, defence and electronic system, satellites, as well as launch advanced information and vehicles and also the communications systems. It is a main service supplier to NASA and also a main contractor for Global Space Station (â€Å"About Us†). It offers various commercial and military airline services. Boeing Company offers support service and products to large group of customers in almost 150 countries. It is also one of the leading U.S. exporters and has a tradition of innovation and aerospace leadership. The company expanded their services and product line in order to meet the rising customer needs. Their wide range of abilities include incorporating military platforms warfighter and the defence system through the network –centric processes; creating more efficient, new members of their airplane family; arranging funding solutions for their customers; and creating highly developed technology solutions which reach across various business units. Having it’s headquarter in Chicago, the company employs over

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection - Essay Example Guidelines for the prevention of (CRBSIs) have been formulated by CDC. These are targeted at the intensive care personnel who are involved in the insertion of these catheters and post insertion management and care of these catheters, particularly the nursing staff. It is proposed that in addition to the existing guidelines, this study will provide ample evidence for the use of PICCs in ICU setting to reduce the rate of CRBSI. Almost 12 years back, the use of PICCs was highly favored for cost and safety considerations by a study (Ng et al, 1997). The advantages of PICCs include ease of bedside placement, placement even by non-physicians and a relatively lower risk of complications. Complications of PICCs were studied in 351 patients and were identified to be infection related, phlebitis, vein thrombosis, PICC occlusion, broken or leaking catheter or dislodgement of the catheter (Walshe et al, 2002). However, even the authors concluded that because of their convenience and easily managed complications they should be continued to use. 200 prospective studies were analyzed systematically and it was determined that PICCs used in inpatients (2.1/ 1000 catheter days) had a slightly lower rate of CRBSIs than standard non cuffed and non medicated CVC s placed in subclavian or internal jugular vein(2.7 BSIs /1000 catheter days)(Maki, Kluger, & Crinch, 2006). Whereas, Safdar and Maki (2005) found that CRBSI with PI CCs was higher than some of the other CVCs. Thus, more studies are warranted to compare CRBSI rates of PICCs and CICCs and establish a lower rate of infection of PICCs. Study Design and Population The study utilized a central-line database retrospectively, one year prior to and 3 years after the introduction of hemodynamic monitoring with PICCs in a closed, medical-surgical, 20-bed intensive care unit and a 10-bed intermediate care unit of a tertiary-care academic medical institution. CRBSI rates were compared for a 12-month control period and a 36-month intervention period with open-ended PICCs. Thus, it was a retrospective analysis of an interventional study (Patel et al, 2007). 2,474 central vascular catheters were inserted in 1788 critically ill patients (21,919 catheter-days). ). A total of 6210 CICC catheter-days and 15,709 PICC catheter-days were analyzed (Patel et al, 2007). The primary outcome variable was the rate of CRBSI and this was defined as "isolation of the same organism (defined by species and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern) from the colonized catheter (>15 colony-forming units) and one or more peripheral blood cultures within 48 hours in a patient with no alternative source of bacteremia" (CDC, 2002). Since, the primary outcome measure was clearly defined, changes in the values were analyzed statistically and reliability was ensured. However, the blinding status so far as the group allocator or the body who assessed the results is not clear. What indicated the use of PICCs in most of the patients while some still had CICCs in the later years of the study is also not clear. Was

The role of a project manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The role of a project manager - Essay Example roject manager is an individual who has the general responsibility for the successful planning, initiation, execution as well as closure of a project. A project manager is a person who is responsible for carrying out all the tasks and operations that are included in project management. Thus, the project success as well as failure centralizes on the project manager’s shoulders (Haughey, 2009). This paper presents a detailed analysis of roles and responsibilities that a project manager carries out. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of project manager’s performance on a project. This paper will also outline some examples of bad project management. Project management is a systematic way to scheduling and managing project activities and resources from beginning to end. Additionally, these project activities are divided into five phases, first phase is initiation, second is planning, third phase is executing, fourth is controlling, and last phase is completion or termination of the project. In addition, these phases of project management can be used in approximately any kind of project, since their purpose is to organize the different processes of project development (TechTarget, 2008).The fundamental reason for starting a project is to achieve particular objectives. In other words, the purpose for managing the processes as a project is to put attention on the jobs and control for the accomplishment of the objectives on small group or an individual. Additionally, a project is normally a temporary endeavor encompassing a lot of interconnected operations or processes, assigned a considerable cost, and continuing for few weeks or, months, or years. However, the management of a project is a complex and challenging task and the roles of project managers vary with the project requirements (Turban et al., 2005, p.309; Meredith & Mantel, 2006, p.13). The role of a project manager changes with the nature projects. Since, every project has unique nature,

Culture Competency Essay Example for Free

Culture Competency Essay In the aspect of interacting with the global community, it is important for an individual to understand the cultural aspect of the subject society and relate to this factor in terms of their interactive business. As the aspect of culture manifest to be a significant part in the characteristics and qualities of each individual and collective society, understanding this identity factor is indeed important in the pursuit of establishing an effective interaction with the different people in the global community. In particular to the healthcare profession, the aspect of culture competency manifests to be an important concern in healthcare education as having the ability for interacting, understanding and relating to different cultures can effectively enhance the services rendered by healthcare professional. Indeed, the general concern of the healthcare profession is to render effective healthcare assistance and services to people of different culture thus, the global community is the main subject in this mission. In part though, cultural background resembles an important part in the personal identity of each person or patient thus, the healthcare profession must incorporate this in his or her pursuit of relating effectively the said matter for the benefit of the patient. In the actual practice of the healthcare profession, the concept of culture competency manifest particularly in the personal interaction between the healthcare professional and the patient. In this scenario, the two parties are often with different cultural background yet, in best effort, the health professional must overcome this difference in the process or realizing his or her responsibilities. For example, some of the common barriers are the language factor, the cultural awareness and acceptability, perception and understanding, and others. At some point, the healthcare professional must incorporate the cultural factor in the profile identity of the subject thus, adjusting his or her pursuit and interaction based on this element. Forwarding the healthcare service and assistance through relating it with the cultural background of the patient can effectively influence the understanding and acceptance of the subject in this pursuit. For example, acknowledging the cultural limitations and the preferences of the subject in his treatment and medication can indeed influence his acceptance towards the process. Through this approach, the healthcare practitioner can effectively motivate active participation and encourage interest from the patient towards the success of the treatment and the healthcare program. Due to the importance of culture competency, healthcare practitioner must assess and realize in themselves their individual strengths and weaknesses in this aspect and develop their flexibility towards the different cultures in the global community. In this aspect, the author of this paper realizes certain weaknesses in terms of cultural awareness due to the social limitations he has experienced in his upbringing. Raising from a rural town with a small community and having only experienced interacting with people from different culture during only college years, culture competency has developed late in this author as such it is important to focus much attention towards developing this skill. However, continuing the effort of developing social relationship with people from other cultures and building up academic information from researches and reading can indeed contribute in developing culture competency. With this effort, one can effectively develop awareness and understanding of various cultures and undermine cultural difference towards the mission of providing quality healthcare service towards the global community from different races and cultural society. Bibliography Zwell, Michael (2000). Creating a Culture of Competence. Wiley Publication. 1st Edition. ISBN-10: 0471350745.

The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft :: Business Technology

The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft Since 1990, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation out of Redmond, Washington, headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft's monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. Microsoft's antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts,(Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three years without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft's MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993. (Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1993, (Check 1)the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way.(Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement.(Check 1) The settlement focused on Microsoft's selling practices with computer manufacturers. Up until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft's other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold (Check 2) regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the number of computers shipped with a Microsoft operating system installed, and not for computers that ran other operating systems. (Check 2) Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that Microsoft would specify a minimum number of minimum number of operating systems that the retailer had to buy, thus eliminating any chance for another operating system vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the Microsoft operating systems that it had installed.(Maldoom 2) In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time

Historic Centres of Melaka and Penang Social

Historic Centres of Melaka and Penang Social and Cultural History I. Introduction Today if one were to look down from an aerial view over the cities of Melaka (used to be spelt as Malacca) and Penang on the west coast of peninsular Malaysia, one would be able to discern a colourful mosaic of artifacts and people, characteristic of the living cultures of both the historic cities.Melaka which is about 600 years old from its founding and Penang or â€Å"Pearl of the Orient† which is 215 years after being taken over by the British, have a very strong semblance in their multi-cultural characteristics which developed over the years through the processes of history. For these living cultures, Melaka and Penang deserve to be considered as World Heritage Cities. Melaka is situated 2 degrees north of the equator and very well known in the local legend as a fortunate land for, â€Å"even the pelandok (mouse deer) was full of courage. It went through the age of glory for slightly more th an 100 years under the rule of the Malay sultanate, when it became one of the greatest ports in Asia, if not the world. However, it fell into European hands for more than 400 years after that: the Portuguese ruled for 130 years, the Dutch for 160 years and the British for 133 years. In 1948 it became part of the Federation of Malaya and gained her independence with the rest of the peninsula in 1957.The other proposed heritage city is Penang which became a British possession in 1786 when Francis Light, a British country trader, was able to conclude a treaty with the Sultan of Kedah for the East India Company. Penang became the first leg for the British to set themselves into peninsular Malaysia, and was intended to be a British naval base and a trading centre. Situated at the northern end of the Straits of Melaka, it could challenge the Dutch in the south. Light was very hopeful of Penang as he had earlier indicated in his letter to his company, Jourdain, Sulivan and De Souza,  "†¦European ships can easily stop there.There is plenty of wood, water and provisions; there they may be supplied with tin, pepper, beetle-nut, rattans, birds-nests; . and the Macao ships will be glad to stop there, and all other vessels passing through the streights may be as easily supplied as at Malacca [by the Dutch]†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [1] Indeed it soon became a metropolitan city when people from all over the world were allowed to settle in and trade with Penang. In the earlier stage it was ruled by the British as a Presidency from Bengal under the East India Company, and became part of the Straits Settlements since 1826 together with Melaka and Singapore.As in Melaka, Penang was made part of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 which gained its independence in 1957 II. The Foundation of Heritage Cities Melaka and Penang have left behind historical legacies that deserve to be recognised by the World Heritage Convention. Melaka fits criteria 24(a)(iv) indicating the depth of layers o f history in Melaka dating back from the 14th century to the present, and Georgetown in Penang fits in criteria (v) which acknowledges the breadth of typical traditional urban fabric and vital traditional activities that still remains.However, it is the multi-cultural population of both the cities of Melaka and Penang today, that make them unique. They are the result of hundreds of years of history. III. Melaka â€Å"The Historical City† (paragraph 27(ii)) Today Melaka is officially known as The Historical City (Bandar Bersejarah) because the histories of the Malays are said to have started from here. Founded at the end of the 14th century by Parameswara, a prince from the declining Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, it became one of the largest entrepot in Southeast Asia by the beginning of the 15th century.Being strategically placed at one of the narrowest spots on the Straits of Melaka and geographically blessed as the area where the northeast and southwest monsoons met, it beca me a favourite port of call by traders from India, the Middle East, China, the mainland Southeast Asian states and the surrounding Malay archipelago. From the 15th century onwards Europeans also began to ply the Melaka Straits. It provided them with fresh water and the harbour was situated such that it could easily be defended from any attacks.The deep harbour also served as the door to export goods from the rich hinterland, such as gold from Pahang and tin from neighbouring districts. Melaka had a well administered government and had enjoyed comparatively long periods of peace. Its economic success was based on the roles of international traders. A strong tradition was then set during this period. The famous Melaka Maritime Laws were introduced to ensure the rights of ships’ captains and their crew.There were four different ports, each headed by a harbour master or Syahbandar. The most important was the one in charge of ships from Gujarat, followed by the one in charge of th ose from other parts of India, Burma and north Sumatra. The third was in charge of ships from islands Southeast Asia, and the last but not least was in charge of ships from China and Indo-China. People from different lands had to stay even if only for a few months while waiting for the respective monsoons to bring them home.Thus various ethnic groups from the Chinese, Indian, the Malay archipelago, Siamese, Burmese, Indo-Chinese, Arab communities were gathered in this port city germinating the existence of a multi-cultural society that today becomes one of the outstanding features of the general Malaysian population. It was said that at the height of the Melaka period more than 80 different languages were spoken on the streets of Melaka. Melaka trade dealt with spices from the islands of Moluku and Banda, textiles from Gujarat, Coromandel, Malabar and Bengal in India.These were exchanged for aromatics, corals, pearls, gold, silver and other exotic goods from the East and West, such as Chinese porcelain and silk or perfumes from the Red Sea. About 2 000 ships were reported to anchor at Melaka at any one time. The prosperity of Melaka was enhanced by her relationship with the Ming Dynasty whose patronage was well-sought after by most rulers in island Southeast Asia. Official visits were exchanged annually by both parties, led by the newly installed sultans from Melaka or officials of the Chinese court. Two of the most famous of the latter were Yin Ch’ing and the outward looking Moslem Commander, Cheng Ho.Melaka also became the centre of Islam especially after the sultans became converted. Since then this religion became synonymous with the Malays themselves. The religion spread through conversions, marriages, conquests and trade. The Arabic script, being the script of the Quran, was adopted as the official script for the Malay language which had long been the lingua franca of the region. The Melaka Canon or Hukum Kanun Melaka, the first written laws and o rder of the state and written in this script, became the basis of state laws of other Malay states in the peninsula.Malay traditions, especially on the religion, language, administration and customs were born in Melaka. Some remnants of the Malay period still exist in an old Malay burial ground In Jalan Masjid Tanah, just outside Trendak Camp. This burial ground was said to date back to the 15th century. An imposing grave that remains was said to belong to one of the legendary Malay warriors, Hang Jebat, Hang Kasturi or Hang Lekiu. Two and a half miles outside Melaka and situated at Kampong Duyong is another artefact connected with another renown Malay legend of the 15th century, the Hang Tuah’ well, which is near one of the oldest mosques in Melaka.Another place with a legend behind it is Bukit China or China Hill. Bukit China was said to be presented to the retinue of the Chinese princess Hong Lim Poh who became one of Sultan Mansur’s consorts. At the foot of the hil l is a well dug for the Raja, hence the name, the Raja’s Well or Perigi Raja. The Chinese called it Sam Po’s Well after the name of Admiral Cheng Ho who was also known as Sam Po. They believed the water became purer after the visit of the famous admiral. Because of the water which never dried up, the Dutch walled it up for protection and preservation. 2] IV. Melaka and Portuguese Legacy (paragraph 29 (iv)) Melaka’s glory under the Malay sultans ended in 1511, when the Portuguese captured the the ‘fabulous eastern empire’, under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. The new conquerors had already heard about the wealth of Melaka and how its control could also make Portugal a new power to be reckoned with in Europe. About Melaka a Portuguese had once said, â€Å"Whosoever holds Malacca, had his hands on the throat of Venice†. [3] The Portuguese then quickly built A Famosa, the fort that surrounded the present St.Paul’s Hill. Hundreds of workmen, slaves and captives were said to have been used to build the fortress made of stones from broken down mosques and tombs of nobles. Within the walls were the Governor’s palace, the Bishop’s palace, the Government’s Council chambers, several churches, two hospitals, a monastery and a prison. The fortress had successfully defended Melaka from enemy attacks until it fell into Dutch hands in1641. Catholicism was introduced to the locals during the Portuguese rule. A famous French Jesuit St. Francis Xavier â€Å"Apostle of the Indies†, started St.Paul’s College in Melaka in 1548. On another hill opposite China Hill, the Portuguese also built a chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and the hill was thus named after him, St. John’s Hill, or Bukit Senjuang (the corrupted Malay name for the hill). The date of the construction is not known. Celebrations commemorating St. John is carried out here on 23rd June every year with much gaiety an d music. V. Melaka and Dutch Legacy (paragraph 29 (iv)) In 1641 the Dutch took Melaka from the Portuguese after a five-month siege.Many of the buildings within the fort were damaged or destroyed and the suburbs were in ruins. The Dutch quickly restored A Famosa which was then renamed Porta de Santiago. On it was engraved the coat of arms of the United East India Company and the date 1670. Between 1760s and 1770s the Dutch built another fort on St. John’s Hill. [4] It used to be armed with eight cannons. Under the Dutch, Melaka ceased to be the emporium that it was before, because the new conquerors gave more importance to Batavia (Jakarta) as the capital of the Dutch empire in the East.But trade at Melaka continued, and here the Dutch spread their Protestant missionary works and established Christ Church on Jalan Gereja in 1753, the oldest Protestant church in Malaysia. It was built of red bricks especially imported from Holland. It had tall slender windows with arched heads, massive walls and heavy wooden ceiling beams. Today devotees still use the original wooden pews during Sunday prayers. Although the Catholics were persecuted by the Dutch, a Catholic St. Peter’s Church, was allowed to be built in 1710 on a piece of land given by the government to a Dutch convert.It is situated at the present Jalan Bendahara in the Bunga Raya district. The church bell dated 1608 was apparently taken from a church which was destroyed by the Dutch during the early period of their rule. This became the oldest Catholic church in Malaysia built on a mixture of oriental and western architecture. St. Paul’s College which was founded by St. Francis Xavier during the Portuguese, however, was not spared. The Dutch used it as part of the fort and later as a burial ground for high ranking Dutch personalities.The former Governor’s residence was converted into the red terracotta Stadthuys (Government House) in 1650 and was made the home of the Dutch Governor and his retinue. It had a beautiful balcony that faced Christ Church. It contained large rooms, one of which had a beautifully carved ceiling. The upper floor was once used as the Court of Justice, and the lower floor partly for the fire service and partly for the main military guard. At the back was an attractive patio that might have led to the Bishop’s palace of the Portuguese period. Today it becomes the Melaka Historical Museum. VI. Melaka and British Legacy (paragraph 29 (iv))The Dutch ruled Melaka until 1795 when it was handed over to the British during the Napoleanic wars when the Dutch king had to take refuge in England. It was agreed, however, that it would be returned to the Dutch when the wars were over, which was in 1818. It was during this interim period that the fortification in Melaka was destroyed. The Melaka British Resident William Farquhar, under the instruction of the Penang Council, started to effectively level down â€Å".. the whole of the fortificati ons, arsenals, store houses and public buildings of all denominations in Melaka except Bukit China and St.John’s Hill. †[5] Penang which at this time was beginning to expand as a trading centre did not want Melaka to rival it when the Dutch returned after the Napoleanic wars. Thus the famous local writer, Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munsyi, noted sadly in his journal, â€Å"The Fort was the pride of Melaka, and after its destruction the place lost its glory like a woman bereaved of her husband, the lustre gone from her face†¦ The old order is destroyed, a new world is created, and all around us is changed. † [6] The only part that remained of A Famosa and Porta de Santiago was the gate which now still stands.Further destruction was stopped by the agent of the East India Company, Thomas Stamford Raffles, who happened to be visiting Melaka at this time. His report on Melaka to the East India Company that, â€Å"†¦Its name carries more weight to a Malay ear than any new settlement could,†[7] and indeed, â€Å"†¦with the assistance of Malacca, the whole of the Malay rajahs in the Straits and to the Eastward might be rendered not only subservient but if necessary tributary†,[8] was almost prophetic in relation to later expansion of British influence in the Malay States.A significant landmark that the British left in Melaka before the Dutch took it back was the establishment of Anglo Chinese College in 1818. It was the brain-child of Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, who had failed to make any headway in that imperial country, but used Melaka â€Å"for the diffusion of Christianity† and also for â€Å" the reciprocal cultivation of Chinese and European culture. †[9] Most of the students were children from Melaka-born Chinese, as well as Indian and Malay.The college which stood on a piece of land given to the London Missionary Society was just outside the Trankerah gate. Although the con tribution of the college in education was unquestionable, in 1843 the London Missionary Society sold it for private purposes because it decided to move its activities to Hong Kong. In the same decade, however, a twin-towered Gothic Church dedicated to St. Francis Xavier by the French Father P. Fabre, was built on part of the Portuguese ruins to continue with the Christian missionary works. VII. The Melaka People – The Living HeritageAlthough the population of Melaka had been multi cultural since the Sultanate period, new communal groups that emerged as the result of cultural and social metamorphosis make them unique. They were the Peranakan Chinese or Baba, the Chitty and the Portuguese Peranakan. The Baba community practised a culture which is a syncretism of Chinese and Malay culture. It was not the result of inter-marriages for they segregated strictly among themselves. [10] They spoke Baba Malay, and the women wore Malay costume and jewellery. The majority were Buddhists but some became Christians.They dominated the Tranquerah district and Jalan Tan Cheng Lock. Today they lean more towards the Chinese culture. The Chitty were the Melaka born Indians who might have immigrated in the 16th century as traders and inter-married with the local women. They spoke Malay but remained staunch Hindu. They built Hindu temples and shrines. [11] The last group is the descendents of Portuguese settlers who came during the Portuguese rule. They had inter-married with local women but remained staunch Catholics. They spoke an archaic and highly localised Portuguese called Cristao.In 1933 an 11-hectare land was allotted for this community at Ujong Pasir where the people could preserve their traditions and customs which they continue to celebrate, such as the Natal or Christmas, singing the carols and dancing the branyo. [12] Festa de San Pedro a celebration honouring St. Peter, the patron of the fishermen, most of whose members are from this community, is held on 29th June every year. On this day their boats are well decorated and are blessed by the local priests. Easter is always celebrated at St. Peter’s Church on Jalan Bendahara.Here, too, the Palm Sunday and Good Friday are celebrated by a life-sized statue of Christ being borne in a procession around the church. As in other parts of Malaysia, the Malays are synonymous with Islam and identified with their mosques. Although Islam already existed in Melaka in the 14th century, one of the oldest mosques that still remains is the Tranquerah Mosque which might have been built in the early 1820s. It is in the grounds of this mosque that Sultan Hussein, who signed the cession of Singapore to the British in 1819, was buried.The mosque which is strongly influenced by Achehnese style of the period, has pyramid roofs and Islamic designs and motifs. Another mosque that denotes Melaka’s rich cultural heritage is the Kampung Keling Mosque at Jalan Tukang Emas. Also built in Sumatran style, it has pyramid roof and pagoda-like minaret, white glazed Portuguese tiles and Victorian chandelier. One of the significant landmarks of the Chinese community in Melaka is the Cheng Hoon Teng temple (the Abode of the Green Merciful Clouds), which could be the oldest Chinese temple in Malaysia.Situated in Temple Street in the heart of Melaka, was founded by Li Wei King or Li Kup at the beginning of the Dutch period. He was a Chinese refugee who escaped from the Manchus and was the first Kapitan China in Melaka. The temple has undergone renovations and expansion by different Chinese community leaders at different times. Today it also houses Kwan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy, and several other deities. The building is based on intricate Chinese architecture, whose roof ridges and eaves are decorated with exquisite Chinese mythical figures, animals, birds and flowers of coloured glass or porcelain. 13] The Indians, most of whom are Hindus, are also identified by the house of worship. Their o ldest temple is Sri Poyyatha Vinayagar Moorthi which was built in the late 18th century. The temple which stands at Jalan Tukang Emas, have deities which are invoked by devotees for their aids before starting new businesses, occupying a new house, performing marriages or funerals. VIII. The Living Cultures of the City of Penang (Georgetown) A local writer in 1986 wrote a piece of poetry which describes the people of Penang, thus:Notes On My Native Land To this corner of the world came People from China and India From Indonesia and Europe Some of the people Adopted local ways They spoke Malay Dressed Malay But still kept their customs Others stuck to their ways While firmly planting A foot on Malaysian soil The alchemy worked And today we have a nation That is a kaleidoscope Of many things and many people We all belong to this fabric Having each lent a stitch To make up a whole Now we invite the world To see this tapestry.David Lazarus, 1986. This poetry which is printed on a board i n the vestibule of the Penang Museum is the first thing that one sees as soon as one enters the main building indicating the main theme of the museum display. This also sums up what the people of Penang are. Penang began to attract traders from all over the world. As it was accorded the status of a free port it grew steadily and within a few years its trade and population increased. True to Light’s prediction, it was able to outgrow the position of Melaka.And as in Melaka, people from all over the world, from India, China, the Middle East, Europe, island and mainland Southeast Asia, and the Malay archipelago thronged the city. The core area of Georgetown nominated to be placed as a Heritage City covers 108. 97 ha. (269. 27 ac). Here Penang’s history and its character are displayed by the historic buldings as well as by the real daily routines of its people. It has outstanding universal values that fit in with the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Wor ld Heritage Convention relating to historic urban areas as stated in paragraphs 27(ii) and 29(iv).Paragraph 27(ii) is, â€Å"historic towns which are still inhabited and which, by their very nature, have developed and will continue to develop under the influence of socio-economic and cultural change, a situation that renders the assessment of the authenticity more difficult and any conservation policy more problematic. † Under 29(iv) it states â€Å" Sectors, areas, or isolated units which, even in the residual state in which they have survived, provide coherent evidence of the character of a historic town which has disappeared.In such cases surviving areas and buildings should bear sufficient testimony to the former whole. IX. The Penangites (Heritage Convention paragraph 27(ii)) The living cultures of the people in Penang today bear testimony of the living cultures of the past generations. In 1998 the Penang Town and Country Planning Department Director, Mohamed Jamil Ahma d strongly acknowledged the living cultures of Penang as having, â€Å"†¦ multicultural influences. It is a unique melting pot of Indian, British, Armenian, Chinese, Malay, Acehnese, Thai, Burmese and Arab. It is an old trading port that contains one of the largest ensemble of multicultural buildings and landmarks in the world. †[14] These zones consist of early suburban residential townhouses, known for their ecclectic architecture, commercial centres, the waterfront, religious and clan houses. More than 100 years earlier an avid British traveler and writer, Isabella Bird, had given an almost identical description of Penang â€Å"As one lands on Pinang one is impressed even before reaching the shore by the blaze of colour in the costumes of the crowds which throng the jetty. About the people she said, â€Å" The sight of the Asiatics who have crowded into Georgetown is a wonderful one, Chinese, Burmese, Javanese, Arabs, Malays, Sikhs, Madrassees, Klings, Chuliahs, and Parsees, and still they come in junks and steamers and strange Arabian craft, and all get a living, depend slavishly on no one, never lapse into pauperism, retain their own dress, customs and religion, and are orderly. [15]This description does not seem to defer from the observation of Sir George Leith, the Lieutenant Governor of Penang in the early 1800’s, who succinctly described the situation, â€Å"There is not, probably, any part of the world, where, in so small a space, so many different people are assembled together, or so a great a variety of languages spoken. †[16] X. The Relics (paragraphs 27(ii) and 29(iv)) Perhaps the easiest way to appreciate Penang’s wealth of cultures and historical sites is by following its historical trail.As soon as Francis Light occupied Penang in 1786, he built a fort at Tanjung Penaga that faces the sea front of the Esplanade. It took him 5 years to complete it and named it Fort Cornwallis after the Governor of the East Ind ia Company. Originally the fort was made of gabions (cylindrical baskets filled with earth) then with nibong trunks supported by bulwarks and mounted with canons, the most famous is the Seri Rambai. Next to it Light, who was later appointed by the East India Company as the Superintendent of the island, built a low bungalow and a kitchen meant for his use.All these were later combined to form the fort which underwent several constructions. Impressive renovations were done in early 1800s especially by the chief engineer and surveyor, Captain Thomas Robertson, under the auspices of Governor Norman Macalister. In 1820 granite was heaped on the seaward side to prevent erosion, but today it has a frontal road, Jalan Tun Syed Sheh Barakbah. In the early period the expansion of Penang seemed to have emanated from here. XI. West Meets East (the Living Tradition) At the back of the Fort is Light Street, the first street in Penang named after Francis Light.Several other streets were opened to accommodate Penang’s expansion, especially for the British officials and traders who were here. As indicated by the names of streets close by, the Christians began to set up churches. Bishop Street was named after the French priest, Arnold Garnault, who first set up the Assumption Church in 1787. He was then the Bishop of Bangkok. This church was built on Farquhar Street (named after one of the Lieutenant Governors of Penang) which is on the western end of Light Street. It was in Bishop Street that Francis Light then built a large house for the Bishop, hence the name.Only in 1860 was the Assumption Church built on the present basilica layout. In 1817 an Anglican church, the St. George Church, was then built at the junction of Pitt Street (named after the then Prime Minister of Britain) and Farquhar Street by the East India Company chaplain, Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings. Pitt Street runs from north to south at right angle with Light Street and parallel with Farquhar Street. Th is church which was completed a year later, was based on classical colonial style with a Greek style porch. Its dignified facade and graceful columns â€Å"speak to the eye of the artist. [17] Just as the Christian missionaries were keen to spread their religion through the churches, they were also bent to educate the varied local population with western education. The English schools that they set up slowly attracted local families, especially the established ones, such as the Straits Chinese, better known as the Babas or Peranakan. [18] The children were sent to such schools, spoke very good English, some became government officers and other professionals. They showed strong tendencies to adopt the Malaysian homeland.One of the first missionaries responsible for introducing English schools, was the same Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings. He had initiated the building for the Penang Free School which was to educate boys from all creed or class. The school which started temporarily at L ove Lane was moved to a permanent building on a piece of land adjoining St. George’s Church at Church Square at Farquhar Street. It was built by Captain R. Smith of the Royal Engineers and was opened in 1821. It was based on a classic Renaissance architecture which has symmetrical arches, debased columns, pilasters and twin decorative domes on the roof.This school was responsible for producing some of the most prominent local personalities. [19] During the war it was bombed and only half of the original building remains. It has been renovated and now houses the Penang State Museum. Some 30 years later, in 1852, a convent was set up at Light Street by Rev. Mother St. Mathilde. It was the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus School, popularly known as the Convent Light Street. [20] The main building which was acquired from the Government House has corniced reception rooms and broad arcades that faced the sea.It served as a boarding house, an orphanage and a school. Both boy and gir l orphans were taken in, until the boys reached 11 years when they left to join the nearby St. Xavier’s Free School as full boarders. [21] Slowly the school began to add an elegant Gothic chapel with stained glass windows specially commissioned from France. Then new wings for classrooms were added as the demand to educate girls increased. Today it still serves as one of the most progressive schools for girls in the state. In 1852, too, another boys’ school was set up at Bishop Street, just across the Light Street Convent.The St. Xavier’s Free School, today known as the St. Xavier Institution (SXI), was founded by the Paris Foreign Mission Society Superior Father V. M. Beurel. It was their first mission school in the Far East. Although its main aim was initially to provide education for the poor, children from established local families were also sent there. In 1889 the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Cecil Clementi, introduced a Queen’s Scholarsh ip to the best students who excelled at the Senior Cambridge School Certificate examination. Fourteen of these awards were won by students from this school. 22] The recipients were sent to the best universities in the United Kingdom to further their studies. Many became successful professionals and leaders. Today the SXI remains as one of the most prominent schools in the country. Obviously English education was becoming more popular. Some 30 years later after the SXI was opened, another girl school was established. It was initiated by Mrs. Biggs, the wife of another chaplain, Rev. L. Courtier Biggs. This was the St. George’s Girls School which was situated on the northern beach at Farquhar Street and was officiated in 1885.It was a double-storey bungalow based on Malay-colonial style surrounded by airy verandahs and stables on the side. [23] Classes were conducted on the ground floor while the second floor was occupied by the principal and some boarders. In 1920 the school w as moved to another bigger premise at Northam Road (today’s Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah) as the number of girls receiving education here increased. The original bungalow was maintained as a boarding house. Today it houses the State Welfare Office. XII. Entrenching the Traditions Christianity and western education were not the only culture introduced in Penang.The Chinese population which had begun to grow had their own practices. A large number of them was at first brought in by Francis Light as masons and bricklayers. They settled around the site that was then named China Street which is parallel to Church Street. Besides masons and bricklayers, other Chinese traders and merchants also began to settle near here, for example in Pitt Street. In 1800 a large group of the Hokkien and Cantonese communities who settled here built a temple of their own, called the Kwan Yin Temple (The Goddess of Mercy Temple).It was also sponsored by Chinese from Melaka and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. [24] Its massive roof was guarded by two guardian dragons while the front was guarded by two lion figures. Inside was a 40- feet square hall which housed the Kwan Yin, the Patroness of Virgins associated with rites of fertility, peace and good fortune. Even today it is invoked daily but especially celebrated on the 19th day of the 2nd, 6th and 9th months of the Chinese lunar calendar. Devotees offer food, flowers, oil and burn incense or joss sticks to seek consolation for various illnesses.In contrast with the Christian churches, this temple was decorated with ancient Chinese artwork and architecture. The Indians who also came in large numbers to Penang in 1780s, were first imported as labourers, shipbuilders, and deckhands who worked at the waterfront. Soon they were joined by traders, merchants and chettiars. The Hindu followers which had numbered about 1,000 at this time, felt that they had to build a temple for their daily worship. In 1801, a piece of land was granted by the g overnment to one, Bette Lingam Chetty, to build the Arulmigu Mahamariamman. 25] This temple had undergone several renovations and expansion, the major one was made in 1933. It is a temple which was built in accordance with the Saiva agamas with an ante chamber (Artha Mandapam), a hall (mahamandapam), circumambient (pragaram), dome (vimanam), surrounding walls, and entrance tower (Rajagopuram). This is situated at Queen Street, which is on the east of and parallel to Pitt Street. It is from this temple, that the celebration of the Thaipusam starts every year. This is a celebration when good overcomes evil, when goodness symbolised by the goddess Mariamman, is brought out from the temple on a chariot that roceeds through Queen Street, Church Street and King Street to the Esplanade near Fort Cornwallis, where a priest shoots an arrow into the air to symbolise the killing of the demon. The chariot then returns to Queen Street through Penang Street and Market Street. Thousands of devotee s follow the procession and give her offerings. [26] Every year the procession becomes bigger and longer as this day is declared a public holiday in Penang, and the number of devotees has also increased. To the south of Queen Street is Chulia Street.Majority of the people who lived here were Indian Muslims from the Coromandel Coast in India. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Chulias were the second most dominant population in Penang, after the Malays. In 1820 there were 9,000, and this number increased to 11,000 in 1830. Although many of them were merchants and owners of property, there were others who were hack carriage runners and gharry drivers as well as boatmen and coolies. During her Penang visit in 1880s, Isabella Bird was impressed by Chulia Street which she said was entirely composed of Chulia and Kling bazaars. Each side walk is a rude arcade, entered by passing through heavy curtains, when you find yourself in a narrow, crowded passage, with deep or shallow recess es on one side, in which the handsome, brightly-dressed Klings sit on the floor, surrounded by their bright-hued goods; and over one’s head and all down the narrow, thronged passage, noisy with business, are hung Malay bandanas, red turban cloths, red sarongs in silk and cotton, and white and gold sprinkled muslin, the whole length of the very long bazaar, blazing with colour, and picturesque beyond description with beautiful costume. [27] Today, 200 years later, the scene changes little. Amidst the sound of Indian music, the scents of perfumes mixed with the smell of curry and spices whiff through Chulia Street. Interspersed between the stores that sell colourful sarees, and other clothings, as well as carpets from India, Pakistan, the Middle East and China, there are also stores of famed Indian jewelers and money-changers.There are also the famous nasi kandar stores where one can buy rice topped with more than a dozen gourmet of one’s choice, to be eaten with ais ban dung (iced water with syrup and milk), or teh tarik (milked tea that is poured from a mug to another at a space of about three to four feet). The British had correctly nicknamed this area as â€Å"Little Madras†. [28] But Chulia Street does not merely house economic activities of the Indian community alone. Several mosques were also built here. They were Masjid Bahudi Bohra and Masjid Jamek Alimshah.Some Chinese associations, such as the United Association of Cantonese Districts, also built their imposing headquarters here. So, too, were the Nam Hooi Kam Association, the Teowchoo Merchant Association, and the Teowchoo kongsi. Not far from Chulia Street, and at Pitt Street, is where the Temple of the Goddess of Mercy stands. Now this street is renamed Jalan Mesjid kapitan Kling where the Kapitan Kling Mosque stands. It was built following an Anglo-Indian architecture, with domes and turrets. The interior aisles are formed by series of horseshoe arches, crowned with King Edward ’s plumes.The five-time daily call for prayer by the muazzin from the minarets of this mosque further enlivens the living scenery of this part of the city of Penang. The mosque was built in 1801 by Kader Mydin Marican who was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor as Kapitan Kling or head of the Indian community. [29] As the head of his people, he was assigned the duties to regulate civil and religious ceremonies. Inter-marriages between Indians and Malays were frequent, and the generations produced a community that spoke Malay and followed the Malay culture. They were popularly known as the Jawi Pekan or Jawi Peranakan.Today they have become so absorbed into the Malay culture that they are no longer called Jawi Pekan or Jawi Peranakan but are called Malays, although the Indian physical features of having sharp nose and tanned skin still remain strong. The Kapitan Kling Mosque had undergone several renovations and extensions, but retained its main structures of onion shaped dom es and pitched roof. Major Islamic functions are conducted here, such as the celebration of the birthday of Prophet Muhammad, the first of Muharram (the Islamic New Year), and the 10th day of Muharram (commemoration of the death of Hussein, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad).Parallel to and on the west of Chulia Street are Armenian Street and Acheh Street or Acheen Street as it is more popularly known to the locals. At the beginning of the 19th century, the area between these two latter streets were dominated by traders of Arab and Achenese descent. It was the focul point of the first Muslim urban parish and the earliest centre of Achenese spice traders and Malay entrepreneurs in Penang. The leader, Tengku Syed Hussein Al-Aidid who was married to a member of the Achenese royal family, built the first Malay mosque, Masjid Melayu or Masjid Jame’ on Acheen Street.This was distinct from the Kapitan Kling Mosque on Pitt Street. Its minaret was octagonal, which followed the 16th cen tury Moghul architecture common in old mosques in Acheh. It was also influenced by some western style especially in the wooden transoms, the stucco work and the round brick columns in the outer aisles. [30] Next to the mosque he built his tomb which was covered with timber and Islamic caligraphy. The gravestones were intricately carved in Achehnese style. Surrounding the mosque were Malay urban homes of half timber, half brick and terracotta tiles.Some of these homes also served as offices of the Qadi, Jeddah Ticket Agency for Muslim pilgrimage to Mekah and rest houses for the pilgrims. Consonant with the need to spread Islam, the community leaders also set up madrasah Al Quran (Quranic school) on the same street to teach the religion to local children. Armenian Street was also known for the pepper trading among the Arab-Achenese and Chinese. Their relationship was not limited to only trading but also to other social and political activities. It was believed that many of them were a lso members of the Red Flag or Hai San Secret Society, that were based at the Masjid Melayu.One of their leaders was Syed Mohamed Alatas who built the Alatas Mansion at a junction between Acheen Street and Armenian Street. This mid-nineteenth century building of Indo-Malay style was surrounded by a brick wall and two gates that were accessible from both the streets. Its porch was paved with terracota tiles and the gable roof was decorated with Islamic motifs. Today the building which had undergone some renovations is used as the office for the Penang Heritage Centre. Alatas also had another building which became a landmark for pepper traders in Penang.This was his four-storey spice godown and office popularly called Rumah Tinggi (tall house) by the local people because it was the highest building at that time. This building which was also known as Kuan Lau or Small-Tower junction by the Chinese, stands on Beach Street which runs on the east of and at right angle with Armenian Street and Acheen Street. Acheen Street and Armenian Street were typical examples of a multi-cultural section of Georgetown where people of various communities lived side by side and intermarriages were not uncommon.One of Alatas’ wives was one of the daughters of a very wealthy Hokkien pepper trader in Penang and Sumatra. He was Khoo Tiang Poh who had presented his â€Å"Khoo Poh Villa† at the corner of Acheen Street and Carnavon Street to his Muslim son-in-law. Today it houses the Li Teik Seah School. Khoo Tiang Poh also had a bungalow on Acheen Street which later became the premises of Bangkok Hotel. [31] The Cheah kongsi which was founded in the 1820s also had their kongsi house on Armenian Street. The piece of land which was donated by its founder, Cheah Eam, added a temple building of Malay, Chinese, European and Straits’ Chinese styles in 1873.This two-storey temple has an upper porch enclosed by wrought iron grills decorated with wood carvings. The lower porch which was renovated in 1930s was guarded by two lion heads. The wide courtyard in the front provides an airy atmosphere for people who come to perform ancestral worship, and other functions. Also on Armenian Street was built the Tua Pek Kong Temple which was dedicated to the God of Prosperity. It was founded by Khoo Teng Pang in 1844 and was also used as a base for the Tua Pek Kong triad or the Khian Tek Society. It was an important headquarters for the Straits Chinese.After 1890 when secret societies were banned by the government, this triad became a Hokkien kongsi consisting of several clans, such as the Khoo, Cheah, Lim, Tan and Yeoh, which built clan houses close by. Starting from that year and since then annually, they organised a ch’ng panh (decorated stage) procession accompanied by the very colourful chingay featuring towering triangular flags. This procession which took place on the 14th day of the Chinese New Year, carried the Tua Pek Kong and the more than 200-yea r old incense urn from the Armenian Street temple to the Son Pearl Temple in Tanjong Tokong.There were also other clan houses on Armenian Street such as, the Moh Hun Association or the Teowchoo Social club, the Yap kongsi headed by Yeap Chor Ee, and a house which used to be the base for Dr. Sun Yat Sen whenever he was in Penang to plan his political strategies in China. Situated between Armenian and Acheh Streets, at Cannon Square, is the elegant Khoo Kongsi temple. The piece of land where it stands was bought in 1851. The Khoo clan started building the temple in 1894 and completed it in 1902. 32] Other sub-lineages of the Khoo clan built separate temples, such as the grand Boon San Tong Khoo Kongsi at Victoria Street, and the Khoo Si Toon Keng Tong which occupies a shoplot at Beach Street. The main Khoo Kongsi at Cannon Square which was surrounded by over 20 clan dwellings, is very impressive for its intricate architecture. The â€Å"double imperial† roof decorations were co nstructed from shards cut out from colourful ceramic bowls, and the ancestral hall was decorated with woods carved by specialist artisans. Religious and family functions used to be held here for it had a meeting room, a large reception hall and kitchen.Today it holds only three gatherings annually. They are to celebrate the Cheng Beng (Chinese All Souls’Day) or the Hungry Ghosts, when the descendants come to the clan temple to worship their ancestors; a reunion ceremony during the Tang Chi (Winter Solstice); and an awards ceremony usually held to honour Khoos who have graduated from a tertiary education or who have gained public recognition. XIII. The Former Whole (paragraph 29(iv)) The expansion of Georgetown seemed to grow naturally. The waterfront which was the busiest commercially, was constructed with wharves, godowns and offices.Weld Quay was the main street that greeted ships, tongkang, boats and ferries that carried passengers from the mainland. Colonial style two-sto rey brick buildings with arches dominated this area. They housed European companies, such as the Messrs. Behn, Meyer & Co. , German shipping agents, general importers and tin refiners. Parallel to Weld Quay, and on the inner side of the city, is Beach Street which was an extension of the port area. The western part was mainly occupied by Asian (Chinese, Malay and Indian) forwarding agents, traders, market sellers, metalsmiths, cargo handlers and shipyard workers.The buildings were normally smaller. Only Gedung Acheh was four-storey high. The eastern side of the street was more dominated by European companies, and banks, such as the Standard Chartered Bank and the Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN Bank). An adjacent block of buildings that was built later housed the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Adjacent to these latter buildings were the Government offices, first of the East India Company, and later of the Straits Settlements. They were called the â€Å"Government’s Quadrangle† built on King Edward Place. The ground floor used to house the Post Office.Now it houses the State Religious Department on one side, which still retains the original building, and the Penang Malay Chamber of Commerce on the other, which underwent a complete renovation because it was bombed during the Japanese occupation. King Edward Place ends with the Victoria Memorial Clock Tower. This tower now stands on a small round-about that opens to Beach Street on its west, Light Street on its north, Jalan Tun Syed Sheh Barakbah on its east and the eastern end of Weld Quay on its south. The Tower was built by a prominent Chinese business man, Cheah Chen Eok, to commemorate the Queen Victoria’s diamond jublee in 1897.Although the Clock Tower is small compared to the buildings at Beach Street, it remains prominent because of its strategic position. It will be one of the first monuments that can be seen by ferry passengers to the island. XIV. Conclusion The cities of Melaka and Georgetown are both very rich in their cultural heritage. The people are the living proof of a unique multicultural population, the consequence of centuries of history, that are shown from the living cultures and abodes, the architecture, the languages, and daily routines.They are thoroughly mixed yet not completely blended, much like the rojak, a popular local mixed fruit salad in sweet, slightly hot thick sauce, where the taste of the different fruits is still maintained, but on the whole becomes different because of the unique condiment that binds all in it. The people of both Melaka and Penang, though dominated by Malays, Indians, Chinese as distinct communities, yet there are also the unique historical offshoots of these communities that do not exist anywhere else (except perhaps in Singapore). They are the Peranakan Chinese, Indian, Portuguese and Arab.The most beautiful result of the historical phenomenon is that they all live together, side by side, doing their ow n things, maintaining their own religions and customs and also enjoying everybody’s cuisine. Bibliography Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir,1969. The Hikayat Abdullah. Annotated and translated by A. H. Hill. Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press. Bird, Isabella, 1983 (first published in 1883). The Golden Chersonese. Introduction by Robin Hanbury Tenison. London, Century Publishing. Choong Kwee Kim, â€Å"In Good Hands† The Star, 5. 2. 2001 Clammer, John R. , 1979.The Ambiguity of Identity: Ethnicity Maintenance and Change Among the Straits Chinese Community of Malaysia and Singapore. ISEAS. Occasional Paper No. 54. Clodd, Harold Park, 1948. Malaya’s First British Pioneer: The Life of Francis Light. London, Luzac. Fujimoto, Helen, 1988. The South Indian Community and the Evolution of the Jawi Peranakan in Penang up to 1948. Tokyo, ILCAA, Tokyo Gaokokugo Daigaku. Harrison, Brian, 1985. Holding the Fort: Melaka Under Two Flags, 1795-1845. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Branch of t he Royal Asiatic Society. Monograph No. 14. ___________, 1979.Waiting For China: The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and Early Nineteenth Century Missions. Hong Kong. Karathigesu, R. , â€Å"Mariamman’s Temple† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 42-44. Khoo Su Nin, â€Å"The Red Belted School† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 3. , 1990, pp. 10-11. __________, â€Å"The Acheen Street Community: A Melting Pot of the Malay World† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 22. __________, â€Å"The Chariot Procession† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 46-48. Leith, George, 1804. A Short Account of the Settlement, Produce and Commerce of the Prince of Wales Island in the Straits of Malacca. London, J. Booth.Malacca, 1986. The Times Travel Library, Singapore. Meerah, N. , â€Å"Old Tamil Place Names† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 5, 1989. Pp. 13-15. New Straits Times, 4. 8. 1998. Ong Seng Huat, â€Å"Temple On the Knoll† Pulau Pinang, Jan-Feb. 1989, pp . 24-29. ____________, â€Å"The Khoo Clan† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1990, pp. 4-16. Pintado, Manuel Joachim, 1980. A Stroll Through Anciet Malacca And A Glimpse At Her Historical Sites. Melaka, Loh Printing Press. Rabeendran, R. , â€Å"Ethno-Racial Marginality in West Malaysia: The Case of Peranakan Hindu Malacca or Malacca Chitty Community† University of Malaya, n. d. Scott-Ross, Marcus, 1971.A Short History of Malacca. Singapore, Chopmen Enterprise. Tan Leh Sah, â€Å"Convent Light Stree† Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1989, pp. 24-26. The Star, 24. 6. 1984; 8. 9. 1987. Wurtzburg, C. E. , 1984. Raffles of the Eastern Isles, Singapore, Oxford University Press. ———————– [1] Harold Park Clodd, 1948. Malaya’s First British Pioneer: The Life of Francis Light. London, Luzac. P. 9. [2] Marcus Scott-Ross, 1971, A Short History of Malacca. Singapore, Chopmen Enterprise, p. 94. [3] Qouted from Manuel Joa quim Pintado,1980. A Stroll Through Ancient Malacca And A Glimpse At Her Historical Sites. Melaka, Loh Printing Press, p. 6. [4] M. J. Pintado, op. cit. , p. 76. [5] Brian Harrison, 1985. Holding the Fort: Melaka Under Two Flags, 1795-1845. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Monograph No. 14, p. 62. [6] Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, 1969. The Hikayat Abdullah, by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir. Annotated and translated by A. H. Hill, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, p. 63. [7] C. E. Wurtzburg, 1984. Raffles of the Eastern Isles, Singapore, Oxford University Press, p. 76 [8] Ibid. p. 79. [9] Brian Harrison, 1979. Waiting For China: The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and Early Nineteenth Century Missions.Hong Kong, pp. 40-44. [10] John R. Clammer, 1979. The Ambiguity of Identity. Ethnicity Maintenance and Change Among the Straits Chinese Community of Malaysia and Singapore. ISEAS. Occasional Paper No. 54. p. 3. [11] R. Rabeendran, â€Å"Ethno-Racia l Marginality in West Malaysia: The Case of Peranakan Hindu Malacca or Malacca Chitty Community† University of Malaya, n. d. , p. 7. [12] Malacca, 1986. The Times Travel Library. Singapore, p. 31. [13] Marcus Scott-Ross, op. cit, p. 111. [14] New Straits Times, August 4, 1998. [15] Isabella Bird, 1983. (First Published in 1883). The Golden Chersonese. Introduction by Robin Hanbury Tenison.London, Century Publishing. pp. 254-255. [16] George Leith, 1804. A Short Account of the Settlement, Produce and Commerce of Prince of Wales Island in the Straits of Malacca. London, J. Booth, p. 14. [17] Quoted from Shukor Rahman, The Star, 24 June 1984. [18] Like the Baba in Melaka, these people were born in the Straits Settlements, including Penang. There were few marriages with the local Malays, but had little ties with China. They were distinct from the Melaka Baba. See, John R. Clammer, 1979. The Ambiguity of Identity, p. 54, pp. 2-3. [19] The first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abd ul Rahman was once educated here.So was Tan Sri Lim Chong Eu, one of the Chief Ministers of Penang. [20] Tan Leh Sah, â€Å"Convent Light Street† in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1989, pp. 24-26. [21] Choong Kwee Kim, â€Å"In Good Hands† The Star, 5 February 2001. [22] The Star, 8 September 1987. [23] Khoo Su Nin, â€Å"The Red Belted School† in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1990, pp. 10-11. [24] Ong Seng Huat, â€Å"Temple on the Knoll† in Pulau Pinang, Jan-Feb 1989, pp. 24-29. [25] R. Karthigesu, â€Å"Mariamman’s Temple† in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, no. 6, 1990, pp. 42-44. [26] Khoo Su Nin, â€Å"The Chariot Procession†, in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, no. , 1990, pp 46-48. [27] Isabella Bird, op. cit. , p. 256. [28] N. Meerah, â€Å"Old Tamil Place Names†, in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 5, 1989, pp. 13-15. [29] Helen Fujimoto, 1988. The South Indian Community and the Evolution of the Jawi Peranakan in Penang up to 1948. Tokyo, ILCAA, Tok yo Gaokokugo Daigaku, p. 36. [30] â€Å"The Acheen Street Mosque† in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2 No. 2, 1990, p. 27. [31] Khoo Su Nin, â€Å"The Acheen Street Community: A Melting Pot of the Malay World† Pulau Pinang. Vol. 2, No. 2, 1990, p. 22. [32] Ong Seng Huat, â€Å"The Khoo Clan† in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1990, pp. 4-16.